Locating The Xhoi Recognition Site On Lambda Dna Using

Locating the XhoI Recognition Site on Lambda DNA Using a HindIII and XhoI double digest Haleigh Wood Abstract Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain sites to create multiple DNA fragments. Restriction enzyme HindIII has known DNA fragment lengths and recognition sites when digesting lambda DNA, while the lambda DNA recognition site for restriction enzyme XhoI is unknown. The goal of this study is to determine the lambda recognition site of XhoI by comparing a HindIII digest and a HindIII and XhoI double digest on an electrophoresis gel. The HindIII digest had a band at 9.4 kb, but this band was not visible in the double digest, therefore we concluded the recognition site for XhoI was around 9.4kb. There were also two additional DNA†¦show more content†¦XhoI is a type I restriction enzyme, so the location of the recognition site on lambda DNA is unknown but it is known that it cleaves at CTCGAG sites (XhoI (10u/ul)). While the DNA fragment lengths and cleavage sites are known for HindIII lambda DNA digest, they are not known for a XhoI lambda DNA digest. The goal of this study is to determine the recognition site of XhoI on lambda DNA by comparing the DNA fragments from a HindIII digest to the DNA fragments of a HindIII and XhoI digest. We will do this by creating a mixture of solutions containing only DNA, DNA and HindIII, DNA and XhoI, and DNA, HindIII and XhoI. We will then run a gel electrophoresis, which will separate the DNA, fragments by size and we will compare the DNA fragments from each solution. Through comparing the DNA fragments from the HindIII digest and the HindIII and XhoI double digest, we will be able to determine the XhoI recognition site on the lambda DNA. Methods Preparation of restriction digest solutions: To begin the process to determine the XhoI recognition site in the lamda DNA fragment we first prepared 4 tubes of solutions containing 10X Optizyme reaction buffer, sterile water, lambda DNA (0.3 ug/ul), XhoI (10u/ul, 3000u), and HindIII (10u/ul, 7500ul). Tube 1 contained 2ul 10X Optizyme, 16ul sterile water, and 2ul lambda DNA. Tube 2 contained 2ul 10X Optizyme, 14ul sterile water, 2ul lambda DNA, and 2ul XhoI. Tube 3 contained 2ul 10X Optizyme, 14ul sterile water, 2ul

Arguments For Favor Of Marriage - 969 Words

Her arguments in favor of marriage, though demonstrating a hearty common sense, are also suspect -- while it is true that marriage peoples the earth and replenishes existing stocks of virginitee, her own marriages do not seem to have produced any offspring, and while it may be her marriages, despite her claim that, do not seem to have prevented her from which is after all what marriage was, according to her, supposed to prevent. Moreover, from the account she gives of her marriages, it becomes increasingly obvious that marriage (with her, at least) is not quite so beneficial as one might think -- the only benefit the husbands get, in exchange for their purgatorie, is that of her with the possible exception of Jankin, who satisfied her better than but it is worth observing that she never speaks of the sexual act as giving the male partner pleasure on the contrary, she speaks of the husband s dette to his wife, Also, while she claims Biblical support for her views on marriage, the support that she cites is conveniently edited to suit her purposes (for example, Solomon did have 700 wives and 300 concubines -- but his appetites led to his turning away from God; and the marital relationship specified in the Bible is a reciprocal one rather than the one-sided one she speaks of, tilted in favour of the wife -- she conveniently ignores that while the he also exhorts women to love their husbands), and she elsewhere ignores the Bible when it proves difficult to gloseShow MoreRelatedThe Case : Great Promise And Its Impact On The Future1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe subject of marriage equality. 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Colorectal Cancer for Inflammatory Bowel Disease - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theColorectal Cancer for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Answer: Colon and rectum tumors are mostly common; the colorectal area is now the third most common site of cancer cases and deaths globally (Bailey and You, 2014). Cancer of the colon and rectum develops from the epithelial lining of the intestine. It usually begins as a benign polyp which later becomes a malignant which penetrates and destroys the normal tissues. The frequency of occurrence is highest for individuals older than 85 years of age and is higher for individuals who have had a history of colon cancer in the family. The specific cause of colorectal cancer is still not known but the risk factors have been identified. The risk factors include breast cancer in women, high fat and beef intake, and medical record of inflammatory bowel disease and lastly family history of colon cancer (Ponteri-lewis, 2013). If this disease is detected early and treated, it could save three people out of four with colon cancer. This essay is going to talk about the drugs administered to Nelly their mech anism of action and lastly the technologies used to detect colorectal cancer. Drugs administered Colorectal cancer therapy depends on the stage of the disease and it usually done by removal of the tumor through surgery, adjuvant therapy and supportive therapy. Nellie had a stage IVA cancer and she was referred to a colonoscopy and it was discovered that nelly had polyps in the colon which were surgically removed. She later came for adjuvant therapy which included 5-Fluorouracil, Irinotecan and lastly Oxaliplatin. This kind of therapy was used to reduce the chances of the cancer coming back after surgery. Pain medication was initiated after targeted radiotherapy failed to shrink the tumor, the severe back pain was as a result of cancer that had spread to the spinal cord and was compressing the spinal cord. Pain medication included paracetamol and morphine. Spinal tumor increased each day which caused more pain and the dose of morphine was difficult to titrate due to severe side effects it caused. End of life pathway drugs were commenced which included levomepromazine and sublingu al clonazepam. Mechanism of action 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite which exerts its action on cells undergoing cycling. It kills tumor cells which are in the cycling and resting phase of the cell cycle. In the cell fluorouracil is changed to 5- fluoro-2-deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate (5-FdUMP), which causes the suppression of thymidylate synthase which later leads to the death of thymineless of cells. DNA synthesis is inhibited by the penetration of FdUMP. RNA synthesis and function is inhibited by 5-fluorouradine-5-triphosphate (FUTP) which is a fluorouracil metabolite. In the tumor cell the mechanism of resistance include an increased thymidylate synthase activity, a reduced activation of 5-FU, and lastly a decreased drug sensitivity of this enzyme. As a result the cell is unable to divide and dies. Irinotecan is a plant derived cell cycle specific (CCS) drugs which is found in the camptothecins group. It is converted to an active form SN-38 which requires carboxyl esterase (Huangg, Wuerzberger-Davis and Seufzer, 2012). it inhibits topoisomerase 1 activity hence causing damage to the DNA. The DNA is damaged by an inhibiting enzyme that cuts and the single DNA strands during the normal DNA repair process (Maureen, Beidler and cheng, 2013). Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that contains 1, 2- diaminocyclohexane ligand. Like the other platinum based compounds it exerts its effect by damaging the DNA and also by inhibition of RNA synthesis. It induces three types of links which include DNA intra-strand link, DNA inter-strand crosslinks and DNA-protein crosslinks. Intra-strand links act by the induction of DNA lesions while the inter-strand link are said to bring about the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. The DNA protein crosslink causes arrest of DNA synthesis and inhibition of messenger RNA synthesis hence cell death. Paracetamol also known as acetaminophen is a weak inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 are inhibitors of prostaglandin (Boataud, Aronoff and Richardson, 2015). Prostaglandin is inhibited if there is a low level of arachidonic acid. Cox-2 is the main isoenzyme when the arachidonic acid is at low concentration (Aronoff, Boutard and Marnett, 2013). And for this reason paracetamol selectively prevents prostaglandin synthesis involving Cox-2 this is due to the lower flux in the pathway that produces decreased level of hydroperoxide. Opioids acts on the receptors found in neuronal cell membrane to produce effect. The major three types of receptors include kappa, delta, and mu. Morphine has been found to have a high affinity for m receptors. G-protein which is a guanine nucleotide protein is coupled to opioid receptors. The opioid has two sites where it acts upon, the postsynaptic neuron and the presynaptic nerve terminal. In the presynaptic nerve terminal the action of morphine is to prevent neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium entry and increasing potassium current. Morphine also acts on the pain pathways, opioid receptors are present in pain transmission regions of the nervous system. It acts by inhibition of neurotransmitter release from the primary afferent terminals found in the spinal cord and also the activation of the midbrain control that is the descending inhibitors. Levomepromazine is a neuroleptic agent. It has anti-histamine, anti-emetic and analgesic effect. It precise mechanism of action is not yet known. Clonazepam is a benzodiazepam. It is a strong anticonvulsant. Its main type of action is to make it easier for GABAergic transmission in the brain. This GABA receptors are located in dorsal raphe neurons which acts by inhibiting raphe cell lining. 5-HT synthesis is not inhibited by clonazepam but it reduces the utilization of 5-HT in the brain. Technologies used to detect colorectal cancer Colonoscopy is a procedure in which one views the large intestine using a device known as a colonoscope (Zapka, Klabunde and Typlin, 2014). It is a thin flexible tube with a camera and a source of light. This device is inserted in the anus region and through the colon. This device captures images and videos for the doctor to see. If there is an abnormal growth the doctor will be able to see. It is also used to remove little amount of tissue for biopsy. DNA testing has been used to identify individual at risk of colorectal cancer. Through DNA testing doctors have been able to prevent the disease at an early stage. Clients identified at risk are genetically cancelled on the disease, so as to understand prevention and treatment measures (Leissic, 2012). Stool test has been used to check for the presence of blood. It is the most common method used for early cancer detection (Burch, Soares-Weiser and John, 2013). The basic examination of the stool includes checking for color and testing for occult blood. It also checks for the ion containing portion of the hemoglobin known as the heme which is changed during the movement in the intestines (Ouyang, Chen and Getzenberg, 2018). Lower gastrointestinal tract procedure has been used to detect the presence polyps and tumors in the colon. Barium enema is inserted in the rectum so as to visualize the presence polyps. This radioscope substance is inserted during fluoroscopy. Other visualizing colon studies include double contrast studies. In double contrast, it involves the insertion of thick barium solution followed by pumping of air. This process distinguishes barium coated mucosa and air filled lumen hence allowing easier detection of little lesions. Sigmoidoscopy, anoscopy and protoscopy are used to view the lower portion of the colon to check for rectal bleeding, tumor, polyps or other pathological processes. The anoscope is used to view the anus and the lower rectum. The sigmoidscopes and protoscopes are rigid scopes used to view the rectum and sigmoid (Elmunzer, Harvard and Schoenfeld, 2015). The flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope allows the colon to be viewed up to 40-50cm from the anus. During the procedure biopsy can be performed using a small biting forceps introduced through the endoscope. If the rectal polyps are viewed that can be removed with a wire snare used to grasp the pedicle. Magnetic resonance imaging is used in the checking of polyps in the colon (Forsberg, 2012). This is a non-invasive technique that uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce an image of the area being studied. Oral contrasts agents are used to enhance images. The client lie in the machine having not eaten or drunk anything for the last 6-8 hours. The entire procedure takes up to thirty to ninety minutes. Scintigraphy is a radionuclide testing which uses the radioactive isotopes such as the indium and iodine. This agents are used to reveal or visualize changes in atomic structures, organ size and the presence of neoplasm or any other focal lesion. Abdominal ultrasonography is another method used to check polyps in the colon. This is done by production of high frequency sound waves in the internal body organs. This echoes are recorded on an olliscope as they pass through the tissues. This method is used to check the size of and the configuration of abdominal structures. Advantages of this method is that it needs no ionizing radiation hence they will be no side effects and it also not expensive. The only disadvantage that it has is that it cannot view structures behind a bone since the bone prevents ultrasonic echoes from passing to the deeper structures. References Aronoff, D., Boutard, O. and Marnett, J. (2013). Inhibition of prostaglandin H2 synthases by salicylate is dependent on the oxidative state of the enzymes.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 304, pp.589-594. Bailey, E. and You, N. (2014). Increasing disparities in the age related incidence of colon and rectal cancer in the United States. 150(1), pp.17-22. Boataud, O., Aronoff, D. and Richardson, J. (2015). Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H2 synthases.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, pp.730-735. Burch, T., Soares-Weiser, K. and John, D. (2013). Diagnostic accuracy of fecal result blood tested in screening colorectal cancer: A systemic review.journal of medicine screening, 14(3), pp.132-137. Elmunzer, B., Harvard, R. and Schoenfeld, P. (2015). Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy based screening on incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial.Plus Medicine, 9(12), pp.1001-1035. Forsberg, F. (2012). Advance in ultrasound contrast technique.Applied referencing radiology, 16, pp.5-10. Huangg, T., Wuerzberger-Davis, S. and Seufzer, B. (2012). NF-Kaapab activation by capmtothelin, a linkage between nuclear DNA damage and cytoplasmic signed events.J clin invest, 107, pp.241-246. Leissic, M. (2012). Advance in genetic testing for care risk.Medsurge nursing, 10(3), pp.123-125. Maurren, J., Beidler, R. and cheng, Y. (2013). Campthocesin resistance related to to drug induced down regulation of topoisomerase 1 and steps occurring after the formation of protein linked DNA breaks.AnnNy Acad Sci, 803, pp.74-92. Ouyang, D., Chen, J. and Getzenberg, R. (2018). Non-invasive testing for colorectal cancer: A review.American journal of gastroentology, 100(6), pp.1393-1403. Ponteri-lewis, V. (2013). Colorectal cancer.Medsurge nursing, 9(1), pp.9-15. Zapka, J., Klabunde, C. and Typlin, S. (2014). Screening colonoscopy in the USA: Attitudes and practises of primary care physians.Journal of general intervid medicine, 27(9), pp.1150-1158.

Thomas Jefferson Essay Example

Thomas Jefferson Essay Thomas Jefferson and His Effect on America Thomas Jefferson possessed one of the greatest leading minds of colonial America. Literate in political theory, scientific farming, natural history, and architecture, Thomas Jefferson personified the optimistic spirit of Enlightenment thinking. Thomas Jefferson proved to be one of the major forces in the founding and developing of America. When Jefferson became the third President of the United States, he immediately made an impact on the lives of average Americans by reiterating his idea of a Jeffersonian Republican Yeoman Farmer. Leading the nation, Jefferson made significant changes in the government, spurred the idea of American movement westward, and worked to fix the ever-growing slavery issues and better the education system to spring America forward and develop it into the prosperous nation it is today. Prior to Jeffersons presidency, Jefferson succeeded Benjamin Franklin as the minister to France in 1785. As Secretary of State, Jefferson took part in both domestic and world affairs. Jefferson clashed frequently on many issues with Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton (Bernstein 101). The conflict between Jefferson and Hamilton caused many other disagreements in American politics that pinned former allies against one another. With the government on opposite ends, two political parties began to form: the Federalist Party lead by Hamilton and the Jeffersonian Republicans lead by Jefferson. The Jeffersonian Republicans were opposed toa strong central government whereas the Federalists favored the strong central government. Jefferson preferred a less centralized government with more power for the states. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jefferson, being a brilliant man, drafted the Northwest Ordinance also known as the Ordinance of 1787. This ordinance provided a structure for government of the Northwest Territory. Jeffersons outstanding leadership led to his being elected President of the United States in the 1800 election. Jeffersons most lasting contribution to America is the Declaration of Independence. Specifically chosen, Jefferson needed to carefully choose his wording so that the document would be persuasive enough towards a number of parties (The Declaration of Independence). Congress intended for Americans to read it and want to become a part of the patriot cause and foreign powers read it and want to aid the ilitia. In the first part of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson expresses key concepts at the core of American beliefs such as all men are created equal, unalienable rights, and life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In the next section, Jefferson listed injustices that the colonies considered independence worthy. Jefferson accused King George of trying to construct absolute tyranny in America so in the conclusion, Jefferson officially destroys all ties with Britain and is now guilty of treason. Everyone in the congregation could be condemned to the gallows if rosecuted before a royal court. By a vote of twelve to zero, the colonies approved the document and declared independence from Britain on July 4, 1776. One of Jeffersons greatest achievements as President includes his investment on the Louisiana Territory owned by the French. Jefferson visualized American westward expanslon ana took advantage 0T tne opportunlty presented to nlm. Napoleon Bonaparte, Frances ruler, needed money to fund the war against the British so he offered all of Frances claims in North America to Jefferson. With the territory tretching a vast 820,000 square miles, the transaction would amount to about three cents per acre totaling a whopping $15 million dollars. However, Congress originally only approved to spend $10 million, so the purchase sent the nation into a large debt. This famous transaction came to be known as the Louisiana Purchase. The United States, now doubled in size, grew beyond the Mississippi River to include forests, plains, prairies, and mountains. Surprisingly, Jefferson did not intend to buy all of the Louisiana Territory, Just the port of New Orleans so that the United States, ot its competitors such as Spain, France, and Great Britain, could control the mouth of the Mississippi River (De Cesar). With the Louisiana Purchase fulfilling his dreams of westward expansion, Jefferson now sought to launch an expedition to explore the new addition to America. Minus what French traders and fur trappers and Spanish and British explorers shared about the west, nobody really knew what the western part of the country held. Jefferson assigned a prominent frontiersman named Meriwether Lewis to lead the U. S. Army expedition (known today as the Corps of Discovery). Then Lewis hired William Clark to accompany him on the Journey, hence the name The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Jefferson sent a letter to Congress asking for $2,500 to fund the trip through the Louisiana Territory and on to the Pacific Ocean. Jeffersons main goals included establishing trade with the Native American people of the West as well as to find a straight shot water route to the Pacific (Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition). Jefferson also assigned Lewis and Clark the task of documenting the geography of the West, how the Native Americans communicated and lived, and ow things like the plants and animals, the soil, the rocks, and the weather differed from those in the East. The total round trip lasted two years and four months and the work of Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery instituted an American presence all across the continent. A major problem Jefferson faced during his Presidency involved the Barbary Pirates from the Barbary States of Tripoli, Tunisia, Algeria, and independent Morocco. These pirates harassed and preyed on the commercial shippers that traveled through the Mediterranean Sea. Soon debate began on how to deal with these irates. After an American brig faced capture by a Moroccan pirate ship in the Atlantic Jefferson stressed, Our trade to Portugal, Spain, and the Mediterranean is annihilated unless we do something decisive. Tribute or war is the usual alternative of these of pirates Why not begin a naw then and decide on war? (Roberts). In 1801 Jefferson refused to pay tribute to the pirates and deployed a U. S. Navvy force to the Mediterranean. If the United States wished to continue their commercial trade, they would need a protective force at sea (Roberts). The U. S. Navvy took military ctions against pirates by blockading the Barbary ports to achieve a deadlock and included an American land assault to gain control of the main city. By 1805, Jefferson signed a treaty ending the Barbary Wars and made peace with the Barbary States. LIKe most wealtny American men In Jeffersons time, ne owned slaves. However, Jefferson opposed slavery his whole life and felt it went against the laws of nature. He knew everyone had a right to personal liberty (Thomas Jefferson and Slavery). Jefferson worked to abolish slavery but did not have strong political support. When rafting and proposing many ordinances, he tried somehow to work in the ordinance banning slavery. When he drafted the Northwest Ordinance, it outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territories. Jefferson continued to support abolition but slavery continued to grow because the demand for laborers increased. To try and end Virginias support towards slavery, Jefferson encouraged growing crops that required little slave labor. If the abolition of slavery did not happen, Jefferson feared the federal union would be destroyed by slavery and result in a civil war that could tear he nation apart (Thomas Jefferson and Slavery). Jefferson became deeply concerned the next generation of leaders would not end slavery. One of Jeffersons lasting legacies and greatest accomplishments is the founding of the University of Virginia. Ideas of educating the common man occupied Jeffersons mind. In a letter to James Madison, Jefferson wrote, Above all things I hope the education of the common people will be attended to; convinced that on their good sense we may rely with the most security for the preservation of a due degree of liberty. (Quotations on Education). Jefferson developed much of the University and designed the curriculum, secured its funding, and generated how to hire teachers. The University of Virginia is a public university funded by the state of Virginia. Jefferson intended the university to be dedicated to teaching and grooming future leaders. Jefferson believed they needed to be educated in practical affairs and public services (Founding of the University). Jefferson retired from office in 1808 but still continued to contribute to the nation. When speaking with James Madison, Jefferson said he wanted to be remembered as wo things: the author of the Declaration of Independence and the founder of the University of Virginia (Kindig). Jeffersons wishes came true because this is what Jefferson is most famously known for. Overall, Jefferson created a positive lasting effect on America. Today in Washington D. C. there stands an enormous 19-foot statue of Jefferson that is surrounded by passages from the Declaration of Independence as well as passages from his other writings. The Jefferson Memorial stands as a timeless monument dedicated to one of Americas most influential Founding Fathers. Thomas Jefferson Essay Example Thomas Jefferson Essay Thomas Jefferson faced a moral dilemma over the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France. There were as many advantagesto the Louisiana Purchase for President Thomas Jefferson as there were disadvantages. In reference President Thomas Jefferson believed that the United States should be a nation of independent farmers. When France offered to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803, Thomas Jefferson wanted to seize the opportunity to double the size of the nation and to provide future generations with a supposedlynever-endingsupply of new farmland. ButThomas Jefferson was a strict constructionist; He believed that the federal government had no powers other than those specifically listed in the Constitution; and the Constitution did not authorize the president to buy territory from foreign nations. (https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/age-jefferson-and-madison/resources/louisiana-purchase-0) The main disadvantages and moral dilemma that Thomas Jefferson faced resided heavily in political reality. Thomas Jefferson had always advocateda very strict platform of Republican values.. This position had been seen early on in his disagreements with Alexander Hamilton in PresidentGeorge Washingtons cabinet.In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson was able to express a new type of government that influenced Republicanism.Thomas Jefferson took office and carried himself as the embodiment of Republican values.A significant aspect of this viewed limited government as essential.Republicans believed that the role of government needed to be decreased.Thomas Jefferson sought to minimize federal control through reducing its span.He pursued a laissez- faire approach to governance in his time as President and embraced it as the natural leader of the Republican party. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Louisiana Purchase strained this belief in limited government.In the act of the purchase, Thomas Jefferson was increasing the po

A Bridge to Wisemans Cove - Short Essay free essay sample

A Bridge to Washmans Cove by James Maloney, the two scenes that are most significant in the book Is when Carl and Harley leaves home to live with Aunt Beryl and when they stop by The Missing Persons Bureau. These scenes are significant, as they are needed for the story to progress Into what happens In the end. It Is important that Harley and Carl leave because everything happens in Washmans Cove, everything that Is good and bad. It Is also Important that they stop by the MissingPersons Bureau because it explains why Kerry (mother of Carl and Harley) never came back and also explains the mysterious person in the prelude. For these reasons, these two scenes are the most significant scenes in the book. It is important that Harley and Carl leave because everything happens in Washmans Cove everything that is good and bad. For example: He wanted you to have the first slice, Insisted. We will write a custom essay sample on A Bridge to Wisemans Cove Short Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And Your brother ripped it out, tearing Lams ear very badly in the process. Pig. 85.If they TLD leave, the book would not have proceeded. Carl and Harley have been abandoned by their mother and sister and have been sent to Aunt Beryls to be taken care of. But they soon realized that Kerry and Sarah wouldnt come back. They slowly learn to behave and work, they also learn to get along with people around them. I learnt that even if your mother or guardian has gone and has not come back for a long time, you should behave until they come back so that you wont cause trouble to people who care for you.It is important that Joy and Carl went to the Missing Persons Bureau because it was hen did they find out that Carl and Harley mother had died by an unfortunate bus accident. For example: The face was severely bruised and swollen. He doubted that anyone who hadnt known her recently would have recognized her. How did this one die? he asked softly. Pig. 89. Carl finds out that Kerry (his mother has died), he couldnt cry out nor did he know what to do. Throughout the book, it has been about Carl and how his mother went missing.This scene explains how and why his mother sappers without contacting them until they find out that she Is dead. Carl learnt that his mother wanted to come back to them: she just didnt get the chance to. I learnt that even though the most important person in your life has disappeared, you could still live on your life and do what is right to help your family by caring for them or look for a Job to buy food. In conclusion, the two scenes are most significant because they allow the book to proceed and because it explains why and what happened in the beginning of the kook (Prelude). The driver gunned the engine, commanding its throaty roar and the bus pulled away from the road-house into the sea of darkness. ONLY then did the women sit up and permit herself a smile. Pig. 2. What did you think about these two scenes? Significant in the book is when Carl and Harley leaves home to live with Aunt Beryl and when they stop by The Missing Persons Bureau. These scenes are significant, as they are needed for the story to progress into what happens in the end. It is everything that is good and bad. It is also important that they stop by the Missing slice, Insisted. And minor brother ripped it out, tearing Lams ear very badly in the process. Pig. 85. If they didnt leave, the book would not have proceeded. Carl and anyone who hadnt known her recently would have recognized her. How did this one die? he asked softly. Pig. 89. Carl finds out that Kerry (his mother has died), he disappears without contacting them until they find out that she is dead. Carl learnt that his mother wanted to come back to them; she Just didnt get the chance to.

HR managers want every job candidate to ask these questions

HR managers want every job candidate to ask these questions You’re feeling prepared for your interview. You’ve practiced your handshake (firm, confident). You’ve got your talking points down cold and are ready to answer just about any question thrown your way. But are you ready to ask questions yourself? An interview isn’t just fielding questions and making eye contact with your interviewer- it’s a dialogue between the two of you (or more, if you’re facing a panel-type situation), so it’s crucial to remember that you should also be asking questions too. Let’s look at some of the questions that HR managers look to hear from good, engaged candidates for a job. Questions About the CompanyA great interviewee is going to come armed with both knowledge and questions about the hiring company. You don’t need to memorize every word of their corporate webpage, but a look at the mission statement and any relevant news articles is a good place to start. Once you have that baseline of info, yo u can ask informed questions about the company.Here are some examples:I know that this company prioritizes sustainability. How do you see this role fitting in with that mission?I was interested by the differences between this company and X Co.’s approach to ____. Who do you consider your top competitor in the field, and why? Where do you see the company evolving over the next five years in this industry?Where does this role fit in the company’s overall strategy?What defines â€Å"success† here at this company? What defines â€Å"failure†?Questions about the company, as well as its goals and values, show that you’re interested in becoming a part of the team- not just scoring a job offer. Cultural questions indicate that you’re aware of trends in the larger industry as well as in this company.Questions About the JobIdeally, you’re going to be the person they hire for this job, so it’s important to show a) curiosity; and b) that y ou’ve put a lot of thought into this opportunity. These aren’t questions like, â€Å"so what is this job, anyway?† These should be more substantive questions about the parts of the job that may not be obvious from the description.Here are some examples:What are your expectations for this role?What do you see as the long-term significance of this role in the company?What’s the management style in this department?What is the typical career path for someone hired into this position?Is this a new role? If so, what need was it created to fill? If not, can you tell me what happened with the last person in this role?What are the biggest obstacles facing this team right now?What’s the primary goal of this role in the first 90 days? The first year?What would you say is the biggest challenge/project on the horizon for this role?What would you say is the most challenging part of this position?These questions indicate that you’re envisioning yourself se ttling into the role and considering the day-to-day tasks as well as opportunities to grow.Questions About LogisticsIn the interview, it’s natural to wonder about things like what the next steps are. There are ways you can phrase this that make them intelligent questions. Here are some examples:Thanks so much for meeting with me today! What can I expect, in terms of next steps?Is there anything else I can do to provide more information, or otherwise follow up with your team?What Not to AskSalary questions. These are almost always better saved for later in the process, once you’ve got an offer and can begin negotiating. Mentioning it during the interview can seem overeager.Specific demands. The interview is also not the time to announce that you’re going to need X time off, or request that you get an answer within three business days.Personal questions. Your interviewer may have family pictures on her desk or little tchotchkes that suggest a hobby. That can be a small talk facilitator at the beginning of the interview (â€Å"Hey, we root for the same World Cup team!†), but it’s really not an opening to ask a bunch of invasive questions. Remember, you’re being interviewed for a job- it’s not speed dating.As long as your questions are thoughtful, professional, and require more than a yes or a no, they’re likely to be welcomed throughout the interview or saved for the end. Remember that the goal is to show how interested you are in this job and demonstrate that you’re engaged fully in this process. Good luck!

Cultures of Pakistanis and Native Americans Essay

Cultures of Pakistanis and Native Americans - Essay Example In fact, they are influential towards every key identifiable of a particular culture. Nevertheless, similarities are often observed among cultures situated in different geographical areas - especially in thoughts and rituals. Needless to say, differences do exist to make each culture distinct from every other. The two examples adopted in this paper are the cultures of Pakistanis and Native Americans. Pakistan is a South Asian country situated adjacent to India and China. Pakistani "culture" has been hugely impacted not just by weather and topography, but also by arrays of traditions and historical events (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan). Then again, "Native American culture" is the phrase used to designate the culture of the so-called "Indians" of America - indigenous inhabitants of the two Americas. This essay highlights some of the key themes including traditions, religious beliefs, arts, foods, family and entertainment in each of these cultures. The rich culture of Pakistan can be observed in the Western zone of the subcontinent of South Asia. Densely populated, this developing country happens to be an important agricultural center of the world. The culture exhibits evidences of historical and natural influences. (Malik; 2001) The European intrusio... The community being largely Muslim, mutton and beef are widely preferred as well, but fish and chicken are also consumed. In fact, meat is often an essential component of everyday meals in a Pakistani household. Typical Pakistani cuisine can be quite oily and substantial emphasis is laid on the richness of taste. Entertainment as an industry is yet to thrive in Pakistan, since performing arts face receive little praise as careers from the predominantly Muslim community. However, different kinds of sports including squash, wrestling, shooting and lawn tennis are quite popular, the country having national cricket and hockey teams as well. Singing and dancing are encountered, but not popular owing to the Islamic prohibitions. The impact of Hinduism and Hindu culture are negligible in the Pakistani community. (http://www.infopak.gov.pk/) Owing to recent political developments, many restrictive regulations have been relaxed - music, theater and movies becoming quite popular hence. However, conservative Pakistanis still refrain from pursuing them as career options. Painting is also strongly opposed by Islamic fundamentalists - painters being very few in number as a consequence. The prominent contrast is worth mentioning in this case, since Islamic thought is the sole influence for few fundamentalists. Then again, the history of the previous civilizations in the region has also resulted in some appreciation of entertainment and fine arts as industries. Joint families supporting numerous generations have long been prevalent in Pakistan. Most households still have grandfathers and grandsons living together. After all, the consideration of the family as the most significant unit

Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mythology - Essay Example Why is this feature relevant to the modern hero? No one can actually give an answer to this question. Maybe, in such a way the contemporaries are sure that in the modern very challenging world it is necessary to have an option to free one's mind. The director of the film underlines that external appearance is not important for the modern hero. It is much more important a real heroism of a character. A physical power of Hancock can be lost in case he meets other superheroes. Achilles is an ancient Greek character. Nevertheless, this hero does not reveal features of a holistic mind or his open nature. Homer underlined his appearance: â€Å"he sat himself down away from the ships with a face as dark as night, and his silver bow rang death as he shot his arrow in the midst of them† (Iliad, Book I). Actually, in the ancient world appearance played a very important role. Let us remember about the ancient famous sculptures and monuments of ancient heroes and characters. Of course, Ac hilles worshipped gods and this was a positive feature of his nature. Achilles helps Greek people in their fight against enemies, but in reality he is not much focused on solving military problems. From another perspective, Achilles can seem to be a consequential warrior. Achilles can be a patriotic hero, but in this case he should know for what purpose he needs to be such a person. He is sure of the fact that patriotism is positive if a personal concern is taken into account. Achilles impresses the audience by his daring and brash features. He shows more passion and he does not want to be vulnerable. This is another vision about heroism and patriotism unlike the view of patriotism in the modern time. Achilles is too arrogant and superior, but Hancock is not. These are two different approaches to representation of heroism and patriotism in two different worlds: in the world of ancient times and the modern times. Achilles was not focused on the common good of the society, but Hancock was very much pleased with his ability to help people. He did not place his own personality on the foreground; he made an emphasis on the background, which is society's welfare. Works cited 1. Iliad by Homer. 15 Dec. 2012. 2. Odyssey by Homer. 15 Dec. 2012. Name Professor's Name Subject Date Question 7B The Oracle works in Greek myths Divination plays a very important role in Greek mythology. Oracle is one of the core images in Greek religion and mythology. In accordance with modern interpretation: "Oracles played an important role in the Greek religion and beliefs. The Greeks considered death as a necessary evil and therefore Immortality was not an enviable asset. They however required information on their future life on earth, for this they turned to the oracle" (Oracle). Ancient Greek people needed information about their future life on the Earth. Greek oracle was a priest or a priestess, who played a role of a mediator between people and God. The Oracle communicated with God an d in such a way he had an opportunity to get the required information. Apollo was a god of music and reason. He could see future too. In the ancient Greece people brought many gifts to Apollo and he told them about the secrets and events of their future. Apollo was looking for a woman, who can help him to find answers about people's future. Apollo intended to be one of

Polar Bears Essay Example for Free

Polar Bears Essay Polar bears are found in the Northern hemisphere inside the US, Canada, Russia, Denmark and Norway. It is estimated that there are twenty thousand to twenty five thousand polar bears in the world. Adult male polar bears can measure eight to ten feet tall with a weight of two hundred and fifty to seven hundred kilograms. Adult female bears are much smaller weighing ninety to three hundred and twenty kilograms. Seals are the primary prey of the polar bear. The ringed seal is the favorite diet of the polar bear. Polar bears usually eat only the fat if hunting is good and leave the rest of the carcass for scavengers. Polar bears are also known to eat walrus and beluga whales. They have been known to hunt reindeer, birds, kelp and beached whales. The polar bear is at the top of the food chain in the Arctic. It helps to maintain the balance of nature by preventing the overpopulation of seals. The average life span of a polar bear is between fifteen to eighteen years. Some bears have been found to live until their thirties (Bruemmer 23,1989). Female polar bears have two cubs in a litter. They have one of the slowest reproductive rates of any mammal. The cubs are born in snow dens called maternity dens. Scientists have recognized that there an estimated nineteen distinct populations of polar bears without any subspecies. Polar bears do not have enemies but they might view humans as potential adversaries. The biggest threat facing the polar bear is the change in the climate. Polar bears are adapted to survive in the harsh conditions of the Artic where the temperatures can plunge to -50 F. Polar bears have two layers of fur which provide good protection and insulation that prevents any heat loss. They also have a thick layer of blubber which measures four inches (Matthews 41, 1993). Another adaptation of the polar bear is the compact ears and small tail which prevent heat loss. While being protected from the cold, they experience problems with overheating which can occur even in cold weather. Polar bears have small bumps called papillae which help protect their feet from slipping on ice. They have strong powerful claws that allow them to catch seals. They have a powerful nose enough to detect prey which is miles away (Hemstock 63, 1999). The polar bear can adapt to the harsh environment of the Arctic because it has a thick fur coat which provides protection. Long and dense guard hairs are present outside the thick fur coat. An undercoat consists of short woolly hairs in the polar bear. Sunlight can directly make contact with the polar bear’s skin using guard hairs which act as hollow tubes. The color of the bear’s skin inside is black while from the outside it looks white. The dark skins help in absorption of heat. The layer of blubber under its skin helps keep it warm in icy water as well as on land. For human beings, the Arctic appears to be a harsh environment but for animals like the polar bear with the correct adaptations, it does not become a harsh environment for them. Polar bears live in an environment which is characterized by the freezing of the ocean which forms sea ice. The bear has paws which provide a good grip on the slick and cold surface. It helps in keeping the footing on slippery ground. Another adaptation of the polar bear is the rough pads which gives it a non slip grip. The bear ensures its feet are warm because of the thick fur between the pads. The front paws have sharp and curved claws which act like hooks that provide climbing abilities to the polar bear on ice. They also help in digging in the ice while hunting seals. Although polar bears do not hibernate in the true sense, some bears especially female pregnant bears can dig dens and hibernate. They give birth to cubs inside the dens in early winter. They stay inside the den till spring. The den’s temperature can be around forty degrees Fahrenheit because of the presence of a warm and big bear.   Hibernation is an adaptation by the polar bear which they usually do when storms and blowing snow make travel and hunting difficult (Lockwood 23, 2006). They curl up and let the snow cover them. They find themselves being warm inside the snow as compared with the air. Polar bears have a yellowish shade to their coats which can occur due to staining from seal oils. This coat allows it to blend with the snow covered environment. It is an important hunting adaptation by the polar bear in the harsh environment of the Arctic. The front legs are bowl legged and pigeon toed which is another protection from slipping on the ice. The marine environment in which polar bears live has made them evolve many adaptations to survive. They have white coloration which helps camouflage them and gives them an advantage during hunting of seals. They have water repellent guard hairs and dense under fur which helps in absorbing heat. Polar bears have the ability to make a solid grip on slippery ice using small suction cups on the soles of their feet.   Teeth of the polar bears are suitable for a carnivorous diet. Their ability to store huge amounts of fat helps protect them during food scarcity (Sage 147, 1986).   They have teeth which are specialized for a carnivorous rather than omnivorous diet. This storage capacity can help for feeding purposes if hunting season is not good. While seals are the favorite food of polar bears, walruses and whales can also be hunted and eaten by them. They can even eat carcasses and carrion of whale and seals which are found along the coast. They have excellent swimming abilities which help them cross bays or leads. Their swimming abilities are powerful as they enable the bear to swim over long distances. Research conducted by scientists has found out that polar bears can swim continuously for one hundred kilometers (Rosing 78, 1996). The front paws can help propel them through the water. Flat hind feet and legs help the polar bear to use them as rudders. The polar bear can stay warm inside the cold water due to the thick layer of blubber. Polar bears can attain a swimming speed of ten kilometers per hour. They can remain underwater by closing their nostrils. They catch their prey by making shallow dives inside the cold water. They swim under water of depths of three to four meters. They can remain underwater for a time period of two minutes (Domico 25, 1988). The body temperature of a polar bear is normally ninety eight degree Fahrenheit.   Temperature regulation is achieved by the thick layer of fur and tough hide. Additional heat regulation is attained by insulating layer of blubber. Insulation is so powerful that even during temperature drops the bear remains warm. However the problem of overheating remains because of the strong insulation. In order to prevent their bodies from getting overheated, the polar bears periodically take rests and move at a slow speed. The polar bear can release excess heat from the body in areas where the fur is absent like nose, ears, inner thighs and shoulders. Excess heat can also be released through blood vessels which are closer to the skin (Dalziel 14, 1994). Swimming is an adaptation by the polar bear by which they can cool themselves during hot days or after physical activity. Polar bears enter a state of carnivore lethargy which is similar to hibernation. Their vital body functions continue and the body temperatures remain constant during carnivore lethargy. The body temperature drops slightly as the female polar bear fasts throughout hibernation. They may lose most or all of their fat stores. Research has concluded that polar bears which do not hibernate during times of food shortages can efficiently use their energy reserves like hibernating bears. The harsh environment of the Arctic has resulted in the polar bear using many adaptations to the challenges of such an environment. Scientists have appreciated how polar bears using their adaptations can survive for two decades or more on the glacial ice of the Arctic Circle (Derocher 140, 1990). The grizzly bear is found in the jungles, streams and mountains of western North America. Compared with the polar bear, the grizzly bear is found in the uplands of western North America. It is a solitary animal which lives near streams, lakes and rivers. Females produce one or four young cubs which hare small. They can reach weights of one hundred and eighty kilograms. They have hind legs as males are larger than females. The huge size of the bear helps in attracting females for breeding purposes. The color of the grizzly bear is different from the polar bear due to the different environments with regard to diet and temperature (Lyman 23, 1982). The grizzly bear has powerful digging abilities because of the large hump over its shoulders. Grizzly bears have large round heads which provide good running speeds for them. They are slower running downhill because of the large hump of muscle over their shoulders. Grizzly bears have longer claws and cranial profiles as compared with the polar bear. Grizzly bears tend to eat eighty to ninety pounds of food per day to allow it to hibernate in the winter. It can build beds under branches or dig holes under the ground which is an adaptation that allows it to be protected without the need for food. Grizzly bears have long claws as compared with polar bears as they need to catch salmon and dig. It gives the grizzlies an easier time to catch food for its young cubs and itself. Like polar bears they have also developed a keen sense of smell to find food for their young cubs. They do not have good eyesight as compared with polar bears. The grizzlies have adapted to their less harsh environment by having a good sense of smell which allows them to sniff out things (Nowak 52, 1991). The harsh arctic environment of the polar bear has forced it to create many adaptations which help to ensure its survival. The polar bear’s favorite prey is the seal. It helps to prevent the overpopulation of the seal. Sometimes polar bears can also eat carrion and carcasses of seals and whales which come across the coast. Polar bears have excellent swimming skills which allow them to swim at high speeds. They can swim for many long hours and remain underwater for a time period of two minutes. They use their diving skills to look for prey. They have small suction cups which provide good traction during slippery grounds. The polar bear can adapt to the harsh environment of the Arctic because it has a thick fur coat which provides protection. Long and dense guard hairs are present outside the thick fur coat. Polar bears have a yellowish shade to their coats which can occur due to staining from seal oils. This coat allows it to blend with the snow covered environment. It is an important hunting adaptation by the polar bear in the harsh environment of the Arctic. Compared with grizzly bears, the polar bear has different adaptations because of the different environments in which they live. References: Bruemmer, Fred (1989). World of the Polar Bear. Toronto, ON: Key Porter Books. Matthews, Downs (1993). Polar Bear. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. Hemstock, Annie (1999). The Polar Bear. Manakato, MN: Capstone Press. Lockwood, Sophie (2006). Polar Bears. Chanhassen, MN: The Childs World. Rosing, Norbert (1996). The World of the Polar Bear. Willowdale, ON: Firefly Books Ltd.. Derocher, A.E. and I. Stirling. Observations of aggregating behaviour in adult male polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, 1990 Dalziel, Ian W.D. Arctic. The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1994. Domico, Terry. Bears of the World. New York: Facts On File, 1988. Lyman, C. P., et al. Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Nowak, Ronald M., ed. Walkers Mammals of the World. 5th edition. Volume 2. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Sage, Bryan. The Arctic and its Wildlife. New York: Facts On File Publications, Inc., 1986

Half Of A Yellow Sun Chimamanda Adichie English Literature Essay

Half Of A Yellow Sun Chimamanda Adichie English Literature Essay After reading Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies enthralling novel, Half of a Yellow Sun is not a conventional war story. It is a story whose characters live in a changing wartime atmosphere, doing their best to keep that environment at bay. And while the ravages of the Biafran war are well known, they do not manifest themselves in predictable or one-note ways here. From reading the reviews, I learned that this is the authors second novel. It is written with astounding empathy and the natural grace of a normal storyteller, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie weaves together the lives of three characters swept up in the turbulence of the decade. In this literary analysis, I plan on examining aspects of the literary elements that Adichie incorporates as far as her writing style and her reasons for depicting certain elements in certain light. I also plan to break down some characterizations and cultural elements of her novel that I relate to in trying to understand inter-racial/class conflict. Finally, I l ook at how Adichie transforms her characters throughout the novel. Although this analysis may not follow a clearly defined stream, much like the novel does, rest assured that I cover all my bases. The characters and landscape are vividly painted -thirteen year old Ugwu is employed as a houseboy for a university professor full of revolutionary zeal. Olanna is the professors beautiful mistress, who has abandoned her life of privilege in Lagos for a grimy university town and the charisma of her new lover. And Richard is a shy young Englishman courting Olannas twin sister, an enigmatic figure who refuses to belong to anyone. As Nigerian troops advance and the three must run for their lives, their ideals are severely tested and so are their loyalties to one another. In my opinion, the central theme revolves around moral responsibility, about the end of colonialism, about ethnic allegiances, and about class and race. Adichie indicts the outside world for its unconcern and probes the arrogance and ignorance that perpetuated the conflict. Based loosely on political events in nineteen-sixties Nigeria, this novel focuses on Olanna who falls for the imperious academic whose political convictions mask his personal weaknesses; meanwhile, Kainene becomes involved with a shy, studious British white man who struggles to find his place within this conflict though he identifies with the Biafrans. After a series of massacres targeting the Igbo people, the proper world of the two couples breaks down. Half of a Yellow Sun is concerned with class and race and ethnicity which seem to play the biggest role in the relationships of characters to one another. Ugwu is only thirteen when he begins working as a houseboy for Odenigbo, but he is one of the most intelligent and observant characters in the novel. His presence throughout affects the readers experience of the story because he is initially a naive outsider looking in but by the end of the novel he comes into his own. Good or bad, life and the war situation change him into a veteran and he chronicles his experiences during the war. The ways in which Adichie reveals the differences in social class among her characters is also culturally relevant. There are the different cultural assumptions made by educated Africans like Odenigbo, nouveau riche Africans like Olannas parents, uneducated Africans like Odenigbos mother, and British expatriates like Richards ex-girlfriend Susan. Adichie seems to poke fun at certain aspects of her characters, take Odenigbo for instance; the war changes him from educated political debater to a squalid drunk and really displays the power shift in roles. Once he was the stolid figure in the novel, Olanna seems to take that place while he degenerates due to the war scenario. In reading the novel, I couldnt help but express a connection between the Holocaust and the Biafran situation. I found myself questioning why are the Igbo being massacred by the Hausa? I could only attribute their conflict to tribal resentments and rivalries. The novel makes clear that these rivalries have been intensified by British interference supplying the Hausa with money, weapons and ammunitions. Also conveyed by some excerpts throughout the book, the British had to preserve Nigeria as they saw fit a spite of France and to perpetuate their large market. They also rewrote the constitution to give the north control over the central government and even fixed the elections in their favor. Given the history of Nigeria and Britains support during the war, the defeat of Biafra seems a foregone conclusion but I can understand why a people oppressed would revolt. Adichie breaks the chronological sequence of her story so that she can delay the revelation that Baby is not Olannas child and that Olanna had a brief liaison with Richard. The effects of these revelations tell of a cultural dilemma. The babys mother rejects her, Odenigbos mother rejects her for not being a son, yet Olanna shows her true courage in accepting the baby as her own. Adichie makes a point of displaying Olannas middle-class frame of mind. She is disgusted at the cockroach eggs in her cousins house and is reluctant to let Baby mix with village children because they have lice, but by the end of the novel her privileged outlook changed by the war. It is remarkable that a woman so young could write a novel of this scope. There is a human face on these struggles, and being Nigerian-Igbo I can relate to them. Bearing witness to violence and death changes people in the story. Adichie handles descriptions of scenes of violence, death, and famine in an almost brutal and nonchalant way. I can only image what goes through Ugwus mind being that he participates in the rape of the bar girl then finds out that his sister was also gang-raped. Richard, on the other hand, seems like he wants to be African, learns to speak Igbo, and says we when he speaks of Biafra. Although the Biafran soldiers are not impressed, it seems a noble gesture to want to be an Igbo man. Reading this book has deepened my understanding of Biafra in particular and war in general each character make difficult moral judgments. I find myself being least sympathetic to Olanna when she cheats in retaliation, to Ugwu when he rapes the bar-girl, to Eberechi for exchanging favors for security from the soldier, even to Odenigbos mother when she chases Olanna out of the house. Each of the major characters also deal with the question of identity who they are, how they want to be? It is evident that the circumstance in any culture dictates how people act and react and justify their behavior. In this case, survival between two tribes was the catalyst in a previously stable country, language reinforce the novelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s themes of racial and social division. For example, Ugwuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s love of the English language, or the mixing of dialects and words throughout the novel. Even in Richardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s character, he seems like an outsider. I feel sympathy for him and a lthough his character adds extra insight into the Nigeria/Biafra war, I think that he is much like a ghost roaming the entire novel looking for a place to fit in. That is why it is particularly sad at the end of the novel when Kainene doesnt return as she would have been the only person to allow Richard to assimilate into the culture. In conclusion, the story is one of survival and remembrance from an Igbo perspective; it is important story to retell. The story begins as Ugwus aunty describes to Ugwu his new employer: Master was a little crazy; he had spent too many years reading books overseas, talked to himself in his office, did not always return greetings, and had too much hair. It ends with Ugwus dedication of his book: For Master, my good man. I can only consider how Ugwus relation to his master has changed throughout the course of the story, it fitting that Ugwu, and not Richard, should be the one who writes the story of the war and his people. It was a surprise to discover that Ugwu was the author of The World was Silent When We Died? I found this a great twist and I didnt see it coming. Since loyalty and betrayal is one of the dominant themes throughout the novel, the key characters betray each other, or themselves repeatedly but the greater threat from an outside enemy helps to put things in perspective and enable them to forgive and move on and provides for unification. I found the end of the story sad but settling since the Igbos returned to their homes, I cannot image having to flee from my home due to racial or tribal persecution.

Major Works Data Sheet Essay

Plot summary: Heart of Darkness begins on the Thames river and told by an unknown narrator. He and several other men are on the deck of a ship when Marlow, a captain, begins to speak. Marlow had always wanted to travel to Africa and up the snakelike Congo River. With the help of his aunt in Brussels, Marlow gets a job as a boat captain on the river with a Dutch trading company that deals in ivory. After getting his assignment at the office in Brussels, he travels to the mouth of the Congo River in a French steamer, which drops off soldiers and clerks at many stations along the African coast. The site of a French man-of-war firing at nothing puzzles Marlow. When Marlow arrives at the mouth of the Congo, a Swedish captain takes him to the company’s Inner Station on a smaller boat. Outside of the station he sees Africans chained and working hard at worthless projects, with others nearby dying slowly. Marlow is impressed with the competence and dress of the accountant who works at this station. It is here that he firsts learns of Kurtz, an exceptional trader who is destined for great things. Marlow then travels to the company’s Central Station, walking two hundred miles inland with a sick, overweight white man who had to be carried by Africans, until they tired of it and abandoned him. Once at the station, Marlow meets the General Manager, a hollow man who got his job not by virtue of his merit but simply by remaining alive. His only talent is making people feel uneasy. The boat Marlow was supposed to captain had been torn up in an accident just before he arrived, so Marlow spends months at the station making repairs and waiting for rivets. During this time, Marlow watches many of the white men do no work and walk aimlessly. One day a building caught fire and they decided to punish an African for it. Marlow then meets another  hollow man, the brick maker, who has no mater ials to build bricks. The brick maker questions Marlow about his connections in Europe, and Marlow learns more about Kurtz, who is besides being an excellent trader, an artist and in Africa for the purpose of bringing light to the natives. Marlow determines that the brick maker is a spy for the manager and that neither likes Kurtz. The mysterious Kurtz increasingly intrigues Marlow. He overhears the manager and the manager’s corrupt uncle express their hatred and jealousy towards Kurtz, who is rumored to be ill. With the repairs complete, Marlow captained the boat upriver, manager on board, towards Kurtz’s station. He employed the help of a group of cannibals, whore frained from eating anyone in his presence. Just before arriving at Kurtz’s station, a tribe of Africans attacked the ship, and his African helmsman was killed, having lost his self-control. At this point Marlow worries that he may never meet Kurtz, but they find Kurtz’s station upriver. Greeted by a young Russian, Marlow finds out that Kurtz is very ill. He also finds out that Kurtz convinced a tribe he was a deity to use them to get more ivory. Kurtz goes crazy and runs for the woods, devoid of all restraint. Marlow finds him and helps him back to his bed. Kurtz gives Marlow some papers to give to people in Europe. Kurtz eventually dies, saying â€Å"The horror, the horror.† Marlow returns to Europe, delivers the papers, and eventually talks to Kurtz’s fiancà ©. She is still very idealistic and he cannot tell her about Kurtz’s last words, saying instead Kurtz uttered her name before dying.

Why I am against the death penalty

Why I am against the decease punishmentThe decease punishment has been used for old ages as a manner to penalize the guilty. Over the old ages the decease punishment has cost our Justice system 1000000s. Besides the cost, it violates our Human Rights Bill and punishes the guiltless people. The decease punishment is non effectual at cut downing offense. Our society is non any safer and does non discourage people from interrupting the jurisprudence. There are many different options in our system to contend offense, but the decease punishment in non one of them. The decease punishment is supposed prevent others from killing but it does non. Harmonizing to â€Å" Death Penalty Information Center the top academic criminological societies, 88 % of these experts rejected the impression that the decease punishment acts as a hindrance to slaying. † Fear of the decease punishment has small consequence on people perpetrating slaying. A slaying it normally starts, as an statement gone bad when the individual is angry. The mean individual does non walk outside and says, â€Å" I think I will kill today † . No 1 makes decease punishment their first thought when they leave the house. It ne'er crosses the people mind: if they kill a individual, they will acquire the decease punishment. Peoples are still killing and it has non slowed down the figure of slaying instances in the US. If the decease punishment is directing a message, unluckily no 1 is listening to the message. Second, the decease punishment cost more for an executing versus life in prison. Our state spends 1000000s to put to death captives versus go forthing them in prison. Our state is holding a budget crisis but it seem like we have 1000000s of dollars for the decease punishment. Harmonizing to â€Å" Death Penalty Information Center â€Å" California spends it cost $ 232.7 million per twelvemonth. A captive can pass life without parole cost $ 90,000 a twelvemonth per inmate. † We spend a immense sum for a system that has small consequence on offense. Third, the decease punishment goes against our Human Right Bill. On December 10, 1948, United Nations adopted the Human Rights Bill. Harmonizing to Article 5 provinces that â€Å" No 1 shall be subjected to torment or to cruel, inhuman or degrading intervention or penalty † . The decease punishment is hardhearted to worlds and a barbarous penalty. We say do non kill, but we are making the same thing. A signifier in which a human life is being taken by executing is unmerciful. Many captives reform while they are in prison. Criminals have committed some indefinable offenses, but they do non merit to hold their life to stop. The US has changed the significance of Human Rights Bill to warrant our system subsiding of tonss against another. In 1986, 48 states has get rid of the decease punishment. Fourth, the decease punishment has executed people who are non guilty. If we continue the Death punishment, non guilty people will decease. Harmonizing to decease Penalty Information Center â€Å" Since 1973, over 130 people have been released from decease row with grounds of their artlessness. From 2000-2007, there has been an norm of 5 exonerations per twelvemonth † . The job with the decease punishment is that guiltless people is killed. The system makes errors and do non ever have the grounds when convicting people. Many captives spend old ages functioning clip for a offense they did non make. There is no justness for them or their households. Justice system do non oppugn how many non guilty has died. We can penalize them stop other ways beside the decease punishment. They argue that the decease punishment put to deathing those that are guilty. Capital penalty takes many stairss to guarantee that fewer errors is made. In support of their side it is true that felons get a just test in the legal system. Our system assures that lives will be save by executing, merely the opposite there small grounds to turn out that the decease punishment saves lives. Retribution for a offense means the justness system is traveling to acquire even for the offense you committed. Retribution it is a barbarous manner for our justness system warranting what they are making. Taking the life of the people who has killed, we are making the same offense. Killing the felon is non traveling to convey back the victim. We justified it by stating it will convey closer to the victims ‘ households. The victim household heals no faster than they did while the captive was in gaol. They will sorrow the same manner in the same sum of clip. The system is adding slaying on top of slaying there is no terminal to offense. The rhythm goes on and does non stop and the whole intent is the stop slaying. At some point, the system has to confront world and happen another manner that works. Criminal ‘s carry out slaying it is the lowest signifier of offense and the system does the same thing but it gets a enthusiast name. Despite the claim that capital penalty can function as a manner to halt felons. Showing would be felons the effects of their actions. There is a jurisprudence and justness system and you have followed it. The decease punishment should do people believe before making a offense but it is merely the antonym. All things consider the justness system is morally incorrect when it comes to the decease punishment. The cost to put to death a individual is more expensive than life in prison without word. Knowing that guiltless people will be executed it is hardhearted manner of penalty. We should concentrate more on how stop and prevent offense.

Effective Praise Highlights Student Effort

Effective Praise Highlights Student Effort Praise works. In fact, educational research since the 1960s shows that students at every grade level and in every subject like to be praised for their work in the classroom. The empirical evidence from the research shows that praise can have a positive impact on both student academic learning and social behavior. Yet, as researchers Robert A. Gable, et al. note in their article Back to Basics Rules, Praise, Ignoring, and Reprimands Revisited (2009)  in the Journal of Intervention in School and Clinic, Given the documented positive effects of teacher praise, it is puzzling why so many teachers make little use of it. In determining why praise in the classroom is not used more often, Gable et al. suggest that teachers may not have had the training through peer coaching, self-monitoring, or self -evaluating and may not feel comfortable in acknowledging positive pupil behavior consistently.   Another reason may be that teachers may not know how to deliver praise that is effective. Teachers may give general praise using phrases such as, â€Å"Great work!† or â€Å"Nice job, students!† General phrases are not the most effective way for teachers to give feedback in the classroom. General phrases are directed to no one or to no skill in particular. Moreover, while these general phrases may be nice to hear, they may be too broad, and their overuse may result in becoming humdrum.  Similarly routine responses such as â€Å"Awesome!† or â€Å"Excellent!† by themselves do not inform the student what specific behaviors brought about success. Arguments against generic praise given indiscriminately have been made by education researcher Carol Dweck (2007) in her article The Perils and Promises of Praise in Educational Leadership. The wrong kind of praise creates self-defeating behavior. The right kind motivates students to learn. So, what can make praise the â€Å"right kind†? What can make praise in the classroom effective? The answer is the timing or when the teacher gives praise. The other important criteria of praise are the quality or kind of praise. When to Give Praise When a teacher uses praise to acknowledge student effort in problem-solving or in practice, make the praise more effective. Effective praise can be directed to an individual student or group of students when the teacher wants to connect praise with a particular behavior. That also means that praise should not be given for trivial accomplishments or weak efforts by students such as minor task completion or the student completing their responsibilities. In making praise effective, a teacher should explicitly note the behavior as the reason for praise in as timely a manner as possible.  The younger the student, the more immediate the praise should be. At the high school level, most students can accept delayed praise. When a teacher sees a student is making progress, the language of encouragement as praise can be effective. For example, I can see your hard work in this assignment.You have not quit even with this tough problem.Keep using your strategies! You’re making good progress!You have really grown (in these areas).I can see a difference in your work compared to yesterday. When a teacher sees a student succeed, the language of congratulatory praise may be more appropriate, such as: Congratulations! You put in the effort to succeed.Look at what you can accomplish when you do not give up.I am so proud of the effort, and you should be too, about the effort you put into this. Should students succeed easily without effort, praise can address the level of the assignment or problem. For example: This  assignment was not as challenging for you, so lets try and find something that will help you grow.  You may be ready for something more difficult, so what skills should we work on next?  It’s great that you have that down.  Ã‚  We need to raise the bar for you now. After giving praise, teachers should encourage students to take advantage of this opportunity to offer a chance for reflection So when you have another assignment or problem like this, what will you do?  Think back, what did you do that contributed to your success? Quality of Praise Praise must always be connected to a process, rather than student intelligence. That is the basis of Dwecks research in her book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (2007). She showed that students who received praise for their innate intelligence with statements such as â€Å"You are so smart† exhibited a â€Å"fixed mindset. They believed that academic achievement was limited on innate ability. In contrast, students who were praised for their efforts with statements such as â€Å"Your argument is very clear† exhibited a growth mindset and believed in academic achievement through effort and learning. Thus, we found that praise for intelligence tended to put students in a fixed mind-set (intelligence is fixed, and you have it), whereas praise for effort tended to put them in a growth mind-set (youre developing these skills because youre working hard). Of the two types of praise, Dweck notes, praise for student  effort such as â€Å"All that hard work and effort in completing the project paid off!† improves student motivation. One caution in praising, however, is to Make sure teachers are careful not to be inauthentic to inflate praise for students with low self-esteem. Critics have raised questions about the legitimacy of classroom praise, as rewarding trivial accomplishments or weak efforts. There may be some schools that do not support the use of evidence-based practices such as teacher praise. Additionally, at the secondary level, praise may also be received by students as drawing unwanted attention to an accomplishment. Regardless, there is no evidence to suggest that effective praise has a negative effect on students. Instead, effective praise can provide students with the kind of positive reinforcement that builds on success, motivates them to learn, and increases their participation in class. Steps to Effective Praise Notice effort by the student(s).Make eye contact with the student(s).Smile. Be sincere and enthusiastic.Deliver praise to students in proximity, especially at the secondary level.Prepare for praise by deciding what to say that is specific to the task.  Describe the behavior you want to reinforce telling how you feel about it with specific comments like, Your thoughts were well organized in this essay.Keep records of successful efforts and praise so you can make connections in future assignments. Finally, and most importantly, importantly, do not combine praise with criticism. To keep praise separate from criticism, avoid using the word, but immediately after a compliment. All this can make praise effective in the classroom. Effective praise can provide students with the kind of positive reinforcement that builds on success, motivates them to learn, and increases their participation in class.

Free Essays on Love And Hatred Similarities

Love and Hatred Similarities During the novel, Hawthorne emphasized the relationship between Chillingsworth and Dimmesdale. Throughout the story he focused on the idea that Chillingsworth sought revenge and hated Dimmesdale with a passion for his actions with Hester. One of the strongest quotes Hawthorne displayed was, â€Å"It is a curious subject of observation and inquiry whether hatred and love be not the same thing at bottom.† This statement refers to the similarities both emotions display, even though they are direct opposites of each other. Throughout the novel, Chillingsworth leeches on to Dimmesdale, causing him to break down bit by bit. The pleasure that Chillingsworth gets when seeing Dimmesdale demise becomes what he lives each day for. Chillingsworth states throughout the story that not only does he hate Dimmesdale, but he loves to hate him. This paradox is a bold emotion that carries on throughout the plot. When Chillingsworth finally devotes his life to seek revenge on the Reverend, he becomes obsessed and dependent on Dimmesdale, and begins his own demise as well. To say that both love and hatred are the same at bottom gives us the idea that just because two things are opposite, they are not necessarily different. Hawthorne views both emotions as intense and demanding feelings. Both emotions also lead to a certain level of attachment, as well as a similar outcome. The one difference is that love is a gentle, warm feeling, while hatred is unfriendly and cold. As used in the story, this paradox reflects the emotions felt towards Reverend Dimmesdale by Mr. Chillingsworth. Once Chillingsworth became obsessed with this emotion, he grew attached to hating Dimmesdale, eventually living his life to punish the man. When Reverend Dimmesdale confessed his sin and soon after died, Chillingsworth was left with no life source. With nothing else to live for, he died within the year like an animal deprived ... Free Essays on Love And Hatred Similarities Free Essays on Love And Hatred Similarities Love and Hatred Similarities During the novel, Hawthorne emphasized the relationship between Chillingsworth and Dimmesdale. Throughout the story he focused on the idea that Chillingsworth sought revenge and hated Dimmesdale with a passion for his actions with Hester. One of the strongest quotes Hawthorne displayed was, â€Å"It is a curious subject of observation and inquiry whether hatred and love be not the same thing at bottom.† This statement refers to the similarities both emotions display, even though they are direct opposites of each other. Throughout the novel, Chillingsworth leeches on to Dimmesdale, causing him to break down bit by bit. The pleasure that Chillingsworth gets when seeing Dimmesdale demise becomes what he lives each day for. Chillingsworth states throughout the story that not only does he hate Dimmesdale, but he loves to hate him. This paradox is a bold emotion that carries on throughout the plot. When Chillingsworth finally devotes his life to seek revenge on the Reverend, he becomes obsessed and dependent on Dimmesdale, and begins his own demise as well. To say that both love and hatred are the same at bottom gives us the idea that just because two things are opposite, they are not necessarily different. Hawthorne views both emotions as intense and demanding feelings. Both emotions also lead to a certain level of attachment, as well as a similar outcome. The one difference is that love is a gentle, warm feeling, while hatred is unfriendly and cold. As used in the story, this paradox reflects the emotions felt towards Reverend Dimmesdale by Mr. Chillingsworth. Once Chillingsworth became obsessed with this emotion, he grew attached to hating Dimmesdale, eventually living his life to punish the man. When Reverend Dimmesdale confessed his sin and soon after died, Chillingsworth was left with no life source. With nothing else to live for, he died within the year like an animal deprived ...

Paper for international study classes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper for international study classes - Essay Example Before the discovery of oil in the Middle East states, the region had exhibited a hotbed characteristic of religious feuds over the rich Middle East resources and land. The declining of Ottoman Empire, for instance, paved the way for the rise in control of Asian territories by the European imperialists and the colonial powers, which were interested in securing various territorial boundaries. This paper describes the world problems emerging as a result of Asian social, political and economic sabotages and the ways of dealing with these problems. Middle East problems, which are currently reflected in the world systems, as some of the setbacks in the socio-political and economic gains in the world, include terrorism, sectarian violence, political instability, refugee influx and resource conflict (oil). Globalization, per se, is the reason behind the spread of these resources in the world systems; thus the United States, as the super power, has been on the receiving end in the struggle to mitigate all of these Middle East problems. Globalization has been internalized in Arabic as â€Å"awlaama†. It refers to the widespread of ideas throughout the globe. Global ideas include attitudes, customs and institutions, which originated in one part of the world specifically in the Western states. In the Middle East, the decades of globalization have been marked with endless wars, renewed economic independency, and Intrusive U.S. hegemony and continuity terrorism. Globalization has been ushered in the Middle East by war, which has given the Western victors excessive power over the Middle East region and a creation of an underlying violent of anti-globalization struggle (Fawcett 112). Globalization has ideologically strengthened Islamic fundamentalism and youth radicalization through terrorism activities. Due to the ambiguity of globalization, it has additionally resulted into a

Understanding the Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding the Concepts - Essay Example A current ratio is considered good if is above 1.0. Another ratio of importance for small business owners is net margin. The net margin is a financial metric that measures the absolute profitability of a company. It is calculated diving net income by total sales. A third ratio I would emphasis is return on assets (ROA). Return on assets measures the effectiveness of the owners or managers to generate net income from its assets. As a manager of a large corporation I would target other ratios that small business owners do not consider. The earnings per share (EPS) is an important ratio due to the fact that it measures the amount of income generated per common stock outstanding. A high EPS positively impacts the market value of a common stock. A second financial metric that corporations have to consider is the dividend payout ratio. The dividend payout ratio is an index showing whether a company pays out most of its earnings in dividends or reinvests the earnings internally. A third rat io I would pay close too is inventory turnover. Inventory turnover is calculated dividing cost of goods sold by average inventory balance. It measures how many times a company’s inventory has been sold during a year. Debt financing occurs when companies borrow money from other parties to finance its operations. Three types of debt financing instruments are loans, notes payables, and corporate bonds. The federal government is one of the biggest players in the debt industry. One of the greatest benefits of debt financing is the ability to raise large amounts of money to be paid in monthly payments. Each monthly payment is composed of two portions: equity and interest. Bonds are an advantageous instrument due to the fact that the principal of the bond is paid back at maturity age. A disadvantage of debt financing is the high interest rates that are paid to the lender. Companies with excellent credit scores are able to borrow money at lower prices. Sometimes companies prefer to r aise capital using debt instead of equity because the sale of stocks dilutes the value of the stocks and it lowers the control of the existing owners. The financial results of a company are correlated with the risks taken by the management team of the company. Higher risks propositions tend to have higher return associated with the option. Risk adverse managers do not like risk, thus they avoid it at all costs. From the perspective of an investor purchasing stocks has more risk than investing in treasury bills. Bonds that pay a higher coupon rates have higher risks than lower paying bonds. Two companies that rate corporate and governmental bonds are Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s. The highest rated bond grades are AAA by Moody’s and Aaa by Standard & Poor’s. A financial variable that can be used to measure the risks of a company is the beta coefficient. The beta of a company measures how sensitive a common stock is in relation to fluctuations in the market . A company with a Beta of one moves in the same direction as the market. Companies with fluctuations above one are more sensitive to market fluctuations. A beta below one implies the company is not sensitive to fluctuations in the market. Beta can also be used as part of the formula of the capital pricing asset model (CAPM). The formula to calculate the capital asset pricing model is Ks = Krf +B(Km-Krf) (McCracken, 2009). CAPM compares the risk of a company against the entire

Effective and Non-Effective Communication Research Paper

Effective and Non-Effective Communication - Research Paper Example At the very core of human resource success is the issue of communication. As with any practice, communication can either be effectively practiced or ineffectively evidenced. As a function of seeking to understand this dichotomy in a more full and complete manner, the following analysis will be contingent upon discussing the importance of effective communication strategies; alongside referencing key examples of communication failures that threaten the entire firm/organization/group in question. Communication is essential in every interaction because it is through this process that an individual makes clear his/her thoughts and ideas. The human resource specialist must understand the conversation cycle and look for other means for communication. Therefore, a best practice would be for the human resources specialist to be able to interpret and understand non-verbal communication as well as verbal communication. In addition, the caregiver should also understand cultural differences in order to understand what is being communicated. Asking questions is another skill that professional must be proficient in because they are able to bring out more necessary information about their clients through questioning. Lastly, they should also have listening skills; understanding what is said between the lines and not just grasping meanings from spoken words. There are indeed many facets of communication and these should be mastered for effective communication. An obvious opposite to the scenario that has been reflected and represented above would be a situation in which the human resource specialist was not cognizant of the deeper meaning that could be reflected within a conversation or particular interaction. Without a level of appreciation and knowledge for non-verbal cues, the degree and extent to which the human resources specialist can

Functioning Of Body Systems Essay Example for Free

Functioning Of Body Systems Essay What is energy? Energy can make changes possible. We use it for our every day lives, it helps to move cars over road and boats over water. Energy is also used to allow our bodies to grow, keep warm and help our minds think. Scientific define energy as the capacity to do work. Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transported from one source to another. Forms of energy †¢ Potential Energy: Potential is the stored energy of position and the energy of position- gravitational energy. When an object is displaced from its original position and there is energy pulling it back to that position, this works with potential energy. This is when a moving object no longer has kinetic energy; it has potential energy instead. †¢ Chemical energy: Is energy stored which are in the bonds of the atoms and molecules. Batteries biomass, natural gas and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. When chemical energy is burnt it is converted to thermal energy such as burning wood in a fire place. In the human body the glucose is said to have ‘chemical energy’ this is because when chemicals react with oxygen, it releases energy. †¢ Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, its all about where movement happens; even it’s just a simple movement, it still has kinetic energy, like just clapping, dancing, singing, writing, talking, etc. also it’s the energy of motion. [pic] M1 Role of the energy in the human body The Cardiovascular system The human body is made up of the heart and blood vessels; it helps cooling and transportation system for the human body. The main role is to circulate blood through a network of vessel throughout the body to provide individual cells with oxygen and nutrients that help dispose OFF waste (Carbon Dioxide) The Cardiac system gives us energy in the Mitochondria. Metabolism Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions that take place in the body’s cell. It converts the fuel in the food of which that’s eaten into the energy needed to control everything we do, from moving to thinking to growing. Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of the metabolism, and each of the chemical reaction is coordinated with their body functions. Hormones control the guidance and speed of metabolism. When a person is at rest the speed of metabolism is called basal metabolic rate, this measures the heat produced by metabolism. In the process of metabolism molecules in the digestive system break proteins down into glucose, fatty acids or amino acids, which can be used as an energy source in the body. These become absorbed into the blood, which transports them to the cells. Anabolism The process of anabolism involves simpler molecules combining together to form complex compounds. The main function involves building and storing the proteins. The cells bring together amino acids to form structural and functional proteins. The functional proteins that individually catalyze chemical reactions occur and help fight off diseases that regulate the on-going body process. Cells work in the liver and the muscle, combining molecules of glucose to form glycogen – a compound which is stored. Catabolism The process of catabolism produces energy that’s vital to all activities in the cells. It helps the breaking down of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to keep the energy and the heat in process. As the process continues, newly digested food, storage glycogen are involved. Breaking down of the fatty acids takes place in two steps. The 1st step which is called Glycolysis, works without oxygen and it produces a small amount of energy. The 2nd stage which takes place is the stage of the Krebs cycle, in this process a series of chemical reactions from Acetyl-CoA with Oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water and energy. ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate, is the energy needed for cells to function and for muscles to contract. ATP is stored in the muscle and liver Gives Energy by producing: Carbohydrates = Digestion Glucose Fats = Fatty Acids Proteins = Amino Acids This becomes absorbed into the blood is then transported in the cells (muscle, nerve liver). They are then used to produce ATP or it is stored ATP is stored in small amounts, therefore they are stored as: Glucose: Glycogen (Muscle Liver) Fatty Acids: Body Fat Amino Acids: Growth, repair and excreted waste. Cells in the body need energy to function FOOD=ENERGY (E) [pic] Anaerobic Energy Exercise with oxygen Glycogen breaks down into: ATP + CO2 + H20 Using large muscle groups continuously over a period of time Aerobic Glycolisis Fatty Acid Oxidation = The production of ATP from Carbohydrates Fat When exercising is fast and intense, the Cardiovascular cannot supply as much oxygen to the muscles. This is then where anaerobic exercise comes in. Short term effects of physical exercise results from occasional bursts of extra physical activity. Long term effects of physical exercise are the result of frequent physical activity which is moderate and high intensity e.g. activities that involve using lots of muscles and energy and increasing the heart-rate during the activity for at least 20-30 minutes. Exercises without Oxygen Breathing rate increases because of no oxygen available. Glucose is burnt to produce energy and lactic acid, lactic acid can be poison and eventually lead muscles to fatigue and can lead to a cramp, Muscle cramp is on-going, uncontrolled muscle contraction due to lack of oxygen and insufficient blood circulation and can painful. To keep the glucose active essential organs are activated: muscle and liver quickly require a large bust of energy, over a short period of time. The sports involved could be: Weight lifting or long run Anaerobic Glycolysis Anaerobic Glycolisis is less efficient in producing ATP than Aerobic Glycolisis, But is important and needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes Produces ATP from Carbohydrates without Oxygen and works in 2/3 Minutes. Diagram for Aneorobic Respiration Glucose Energy+ Lactic Acid http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Muscles/Effects-of-exercise-on-muscles.php The Respiratory System The respiratory system wokrs from the Nasal Cavity, breathing through the Nasal passages, normally. The air is then passed down the Larynx, producing sounds for speaking. It then travels down the Trachea, passing air down the trachea to the lungs. The trachea splits into two borchi’s, carrying air to each lung. The Bronchi then split into smaller tubes that distribute air to the alveoli. Air then eventually enters the millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs called th alveoli Aeorobic respiration When exercising at a steavy and comfertable rate it helps the Cardiovascular sytem to supply the oxygen with all the oxygen they need. Glucose+oxygen energy+carbon dioxide+water Aeorobic exercise can last for long periods of time, without the person becoming breathless and loosing muscle which goes into lactic and could suffer cramps e.g. from swimming/jogging. This is when we need oxygen, so carbondioxide is breathed in. Tidal Volume This is the amount of air taken into the lungs during breathing when the person is at rest approximately 6 litres per minute is breathed out and exchanges during inspiration and expiration. Vital Capacity This is the maximum volume of air breathed in and following a maximum expiration. Oxygen Deficit The body is unable to supply enough O2 to the muscles that the muscles need, which is where exhaustion is reached causing immediate and reduction in strength. Oxygen Debt ATP Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + ENERGY + inorganic Phosphate During exercise muscles repeatedly contract and relax, using and requiring ENERGY to exercise. The energy comes from a chemical called adenosine triphosphate- also called ATP that is broken down during exercise into another chemical called Adenosine diphosphate (ADP): When there is plenty of oxygen available in the muscle tissues the Energy for muscle action is produced aerobically In anaerobic energy production, ATP is generated by converting glycogen to lactic acid. Lactic acid is a toxic substance that can only be removed from the body by the supply of further oxygen to the affected tissues anaerobic activity leads to oxygen debt Reference: http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/metabolism.html# Teachers Notes vitualmedicalcentre.com http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/metabolism.html# http://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/Primer/forms_of_energy.htm http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/ Digestive System The primary function for the digestive system is to break down food both mechanically and by the use of enzymes, so that it may be used for by the body for energy and cell growth and repair. Mouth: Digestion begins at the mouth: the teeth cut and grind food into smaller particles that can be swallowed in the saliva, carbohydrates begin to break down the food. Oesophagus: Once you swallow, the food moves into the Oesophagus where the continual waves of involuntary contraction pushes it way down to the stomach. Stomach: As the food enters the stomach the stomach muscles relax to allow a large volume of food to be stored. The stomach muscles churn and mix the food with acids and enzymes, breaking it into much smaller, more digestible pieces. Small Intestines: Enzymes are increased to break down food from the pancreas and glands, breaking the proteins and carbohydrates. It also gets mixed with the product of the liver which helps break down all the fats in our body aiding digestion. Large Intestines: The large intestines continue the food journey, absorbing any water or mineral still remaining. The rest of the content is waste, which is then passed through the rectum where it is stored until they leave the digestive system through the anus as a bowel movement. Homeostatic Roles: †¢ Supplies energy for life’s activities. †¢ Supplies building blocks for macromolecules Stages of food processing This is the process of eating. Which begins when places the food in the mouth or the oral Digestion Digestion is the process where ingested food is broken down into a form that can then be absorbed and assimilated into the tissues of the body. Digestion includes two types of processes †¢ Mechanical (e.g. chewing, grinding, churning, mixing) †¢ Chemical (e.g. enzymes breaking down of food) Absorption †¢ Digested food is absorbed into the bodily fluids blood and lymph. The small intestine increases its surface area and the rate of absorption. Digestive food is broken down by simple sugars, amino acids, etc. which then enter the bloodstream. Elimination †¢ Undigested food materials are discharged from body. http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Digestion/DigestiveSystem-BasicStages.php