Effective and Non-Effective Communication Research Paper

Effective and Non-Effective Communication - Research Paper Example At the very core of human resource success is the issue of communication. As with any practice, communication can either be effectively practiced or ineffectively evidenced. As a function of seeking to understand this dichotomy in a more full and complete manner, the following analysis will be contingent upon discussing the importance of effective communication strategies; alongside referencing key examples of communication failures that threaten the entire firm/organization/group in question. Communication is essential in every interaction because it is through this process that an individual makes clear his/her thoughts and ideas. The human resource specialist must understand the conversation cycle and look for other means for communication. Therefore, a best practice would be for the human resources specialist to be able to interpret and understand non-verbal communication as well as verbal communication. In addition, the caregiver should also understand cultural differences in order to understand what is being communicated. Asking questions is another skill that professional must be proficient in because they are able to bring out more necessary information about their clients through questioning. Lastly, they should also have listening skills; understanding what is said between the lines and not just grasping meanings from spoken words. There are indeed many facets of communication and these should be mastered for effective communication. An obvious opposite to the scenario that has been reflected and represented above would be a situation in which the human resource specialist was not cognizant of the deeper meaning that could be reflected within a conversation or particular interaction. Without a level of appreciation and knowledge for non-verbal cues, the degree and extent to which the human resources specialist can

Functioning Of Body Systems Essay Example for Free

Functioning Of Body Systems Essay What is energy? Energy can make changes possible. We use it for our every day lives, it helps to move cars over road and boats over water. Energy is also used to allow our bodies to grow, keep warm and help our minds think. Scientific define energy as the capacity to do work. Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only transported from one source to another. Forms of energy †¢ Potential Energy: Potential is the stored energy of position and the energy of position- gravitational energy. When an object is displaced from its original position and there is energy pulling it back to that position, this works with potential energy. This is when a moving object no longer has kinetic energy; it has potential energy instead. †¢ Chemical energy: Is energy stored which are in the bonds of the atoms and molecules. Batteries biomass, natural gas and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. When chemical energy is burnt it is converted to thermal energy such as burning wood in a fire place. In the human body the glucose is said to have ‘chemical energy’ this is because when chemicals react with oxygen, it releases energy. †¢ Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, its all about where movement happens; even it’s just a simple movement, it still has kinetic energy, like just clapping, dancing, singing, writing, talking, etc. also it’s the energy of motion. [pic] M1 Role of the energy in the human body The Cardiovascular system The human body is made up of the heart and blood vessels; it helps cooling and transportation system for the human body. The main role is to circulate blood through a network of vessel throughout the body to provide individual cells with oxygen and nutrients that help dispose OFF waste (Carbon Dioxide) The Cardiac system gives us energy in the Mitochondria. Metabolism Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions that take place in the body’s cell. It converts the fuel in the food of which that’s eaten into the energy needed to control everything we do, from moving to thinking to growing. Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of the metabolism, and each of the chemical reaction is coordinated with their body functions. Hormones control the guidance and speed of metabolism. When a person is at rest the speed of metabolism is called basal metabolic rate, this measures the heat produced by metabolism. In the process of metabolism molecules in the digestive system break proteins down into glucose, fatty acids or amino acids, which can be used as an energy source in the body. These become absorbed into the blood, which transports them to the cells. Anabolism The process of anabolism involves simpler molecules combining together to form complex compounds. The main function involves building and storing the proteins. The cells bring together amino acids to form structural and functional proteins. The functional proteins that individually catalyze chemical reactions occur and help fight off diseases that regulate the on-going body process. Cells work in the liver and the muscle, combining molecules of glucose to form glycogen – a compound which is stored. Catabolism The process of catabolism produces energy that’s vital to all activities in the cells. It helps the breaking down of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to keep the energy and the heat in process. As the process continues, newly digested food, storage glycogen are involved. Breaking down of the fatty acids takes place in two steps. The 1st step which is called Glycolysis, works without oxygen and it produces a small amount of energy. The 2nd stage which takes place is the stage of the Krebs cycle, in this process a series of chemical reactions from Acetyl-CoA with Oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water and energy. ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate, is the energy needed for cells to function and for muscles to contract. ATP is stored in the muscle and liver Gives Energy by producing: Carbohydrates = Digestion Glucose Fats = Fatty Acids Proteins = Amino Acids This becomes absorbed into the blood is then transported in the cells (muscle, nerve liver). They are then used to produce ATP or it is stored ATP is stored in small amounts, therefore they are stored as: Glucose: Glycogen (Muscle Liver) Fatty Acids: Body Fat Amino Acids: Growth, repair and excreted waste. Cells in the body need energy to function FOOD=ENERGY (E) [pic] Anaerobic Energy Exercise with oxygen Glycogen breaks down into: ATP + CO2 + H20 Using large muscle groups continuously over a period of time Aerobic Glycolisis Fatty Acid Oxidation = The production of ATP from Carbohydrates Fat When exercising is fast and intense, the Cardiovascular cannot supply as much oxygen to the muscles. This is then where anaerobic exercise comes in. Short term effects of physical exercise results from occasional bursts of extra physical activity. Long term effects of physical exercise are the result of frequent physical activity which is moderate and high intensity e.g. activities that involve using lots of muscles and energy and increasing the heart-rate during the activity for at least 20-30 minutes. Exercises without Oxygen Breathing rate increases because of no oxygen available. Glucose is burnt to produce energy and lactic acid, lactic acid can be poison and eventually lead muscles to fatigue and can lead to a cramp, Muscle cramp is on-going, uncontrolled muscle contraction due to lack of oxygen and insufficient blood circulation and can painful. To keep the glucose active essential organs are activated: muscle and liver quickly require a large bust of energy, over a short period of time. The sports involved could be: Weight lifting or long run Anaerobic Glycolysis Anaerobic Glycolisis is less efficient in producing ATP than Aerobic Glycolisis, But is important and needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes Produces ATP from Carbohydrates without Oxygen and works in 2/3 Minutes. Diagram for Aneorobic Respiration Glucose Energy+ Lactic Acid http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Muscles/Effects-of-exercise-on-muscles.php The Respiratory System The respiratory system wokrs from the Nasal Cavity, breathing through the Nasal passages, normally. The air is then passed down the Larynx, producing sounds for speaking. It then travels down the Trachea, passing air down the trachea to the lungs. The trachea splits into two borchi’s, carrying air to each lung. The Bronchi then split into smaller tubes that distribute air to the alveoli. Air then eventually enters the millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs called th alveoli Aeorobic respiration When exercising at a steavy and comfertable rate it helps the Cardiovascular sytem to supply the oxygen with all the oxygen they need. Glucose+oxygen energy+carbon dioxide+water Aeorobic exercise can last for long periods of time, without the person becoming breathless and loosing muscle which goes into lactic and could suffer cramps e.g. from swimming/jogging. This is when we need oxygen, so carbondioxide is breathed in. Tidal Volume This is the amount of air taken into the lungs during breathing when the person is at rest approximately 6 litres per minute is breathed out and exchanges during inspiration and expiration. Vital Capacity This is the maximum volume of air breathed in and following a maximum expiration. Oxygen Deficit The body is unable to supply enough O2 to the muscles that the muscles need, which is where exhaustion is reached causing immediate and reduction in strength. Oxygen Debt ATP Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + ENERGY + inorganic Phosphate During exercise muscles repeatedly contract and relax, using and requiring ENERGY to exercise. The energy comes from a chemical called adenosine triphosphate- also called ATP that is broken down during exercise into another chemical called Adenosine diphosphate (ADP): When there is plenty of oxygen available in the muscle tissues the Energy for muscle action is produced aerobically In anaerobic energy production, ATP is generated by converting glycogen to lactic acid. Lactic acid is a toxic substance that can only be removed from the body by the supply of further oxygen to the affected tissues anaerobic activity leads to oxygen debt Reference: http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/metabolism.html# Teachers Notes vitualmedicalcentre.com http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/metabolism.html# http://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/Primer/forms_of_energy.htm http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/ Digestive System The primary function for the digestive system is to break down food both mechanically and by the use of enzymes, so that it may be used for by the body for energy and cell growth and repair. Mouth: Digestion begins at the mouth: the teeth cut and grind food into smaller particles that can be swallowed in the saliva, carbohydrates begin to break down the food. Oesophagus: Once you swallow, the food moves into the Oesophagus where the continual waves of involuntary contraction pushes it way down to the stomach. Stomach: As the food enters the stomach the stomach muscles relax to allow a large volume of food to be stored. The stomach muscles churn and mix the food with acids and enzymes, breaking it into much smaller, more digestible pieces. Small Intestines: Enzymes are increased to break down food from the pancreas and glands, breaking the proteins and carbohydrates. It also gets mixed with the product of the liver which helps break down all the fats in our body aiding digestion. Large Intestines: The large intestines continue the food journey, absorbing any water or mineral still remaining. The rest of the content is waste, which is then passed through the rectum where it is stored until they leave the digestive system through the anus as a bowel movement. Homeostatic Roles: †¢ Supplies energy for life’s activities. †¢ Supplies building blocks for macromolecules Stages of food processing This is the process of eating. Which begins when places the food in the mouth or the oral Digestion Digestion is the process where ingested food is broken down into a form that can then be absorbed and assimilated into the tissues of the body. Digestion includes two types of processes †¢ Mechanical (e.g. chewing, grinding, churning, mixing) †¢ Chemical (e.g. enzymes breaking down of food) Absorption †¢ Digested food is absorbed into the bodily fluids blood and lymph. The small intestine increases its surface area and the rate of absorption. Digestive food is broken down by simple sugars, amino acids, etc. which then enter the bloodstream. Elimination †¢ Undigested food materials are discharged from body. http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Digestion/DigestiveSystem-BasicStages.php

Covenants Essay -- Essays Papers

Covenants The Lord said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you. I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you." (Genesis 12:1-3) According to J.I. Packer, "Covenants are solemn agreements, negotiated or unilaterally imposed, that bind the parties to each other in permanent defined relationships, with specific promises, claims, and obligations on both sides." There are essentially two types of covenants in Scripture: a covenant of works and a covenant of grace. A covenant of works does not offer salvation and will result in the spiritual death of those who trusts their ability to fulfill their part of the covenant. The reason for this is because the covenant is annulled if either party fails to perfectly fulfill the conditions of the covenant. On the other hand, the covenant of grace is established upon a relationship that God maintains with those whom He has chosen. This covenant has characteristics that are considered unilateral or hierarchical. That is, such a covenant is mutually binding between the Sovereign and His chosen people, even though its implementation is entirely one sided. An example is the case of Noah. God's sovereignty is evident in His establishment of who was to be saved from the flood by means of the ark (He even decided the means whereby mankind was saved from eternal destruction through His Son Jesus Christ). Furthermore, God determined who should be saved, specifically, Noah, his sons and their wives. God himself administered the covenant, thus... ...ligations, promises, and oaths. When someone enters into a covenant it is implicate that they will fulfill their obligations. From this it is obvious why a covenant is necessary in our relationship with God. God is under no authority but His own, he has no one to call him to account for what he does other than his own standards or righteousness. He has no obligation to anyone; he is completely independent of his creation, his creatures, and of Mankind. How do we know that he will keep his word? How can we be sure that in the end he will not deceive us? The only basis for our hope is that God has bound himself in a covenantal agreement with his people. He has more than promised, or given us his word; rather he has entered into a sacred contract, upon the penalty of death. It is precisely for this reason that we may be assured that He will fulfill all that He has said.

Bad Boys

Nick Stephens 4/3/13 Albritton Sociology 3255 Bad Boys Ann Arnett Ferguson’s book â€Å"Bad Boys† discusses the way educators and other people in the school systems, and society as a whole view black youth in today’s world. There are many stereotypes that are discussed and stigmas that stick with black children through their entire lives in Ferguson’s book. In order to prevent further damage to this part of our society the reader should take a long hard look at the problems brought forth by â€Å"Bad Boys†.One problem that Ferguson discusses in her book is adultification. According to her definition adultification is the idea that teachers and other adults see black children as willfully bad. Since they are seen in this light it creates an idea that black boys have adult motivations thus, making black boys seem like criminals instead of kids. Also, along the same lines, black girls are perceived as dangerously sexual. While this issue seems sort of ridiculous, these things actually happen in our public school system.While white children are seen as naturally naughty, essentially authority figures adopt the â€Å"boys will be boys† mentality when white boys get in trouble or act out, instead of issuing punishment equally to white children who act out. Ferguson states, â€Å"One the one hand children are assumed to be dissembling, devious, because they are more egocentric. On the other hand, there is an attribution of innocence to their wrongdoing. In both cases, this is understood to be a temporary condition, a stage prior to maturity. †(80)Another problem that Ferguson observes in her book is the two controlling images of black males in schools. She says, â€Å"Two cultural images stigmatize black males in the United States today: one represents him as a criminal, and the other depicts him as an endangered species. I found that both of these images were commonly invoked at Rosa Parks School for identifying, clas sifying, and making punishment decisions by the adults responsible for disciplining the kids. †(20) The way that black boys are seen creates a social hierarchy based solely on class.Ferguson is able, through her first-hand experience, to record instances that show these problems in action and give the reader insight to the problems that are being addressed. The image of black children being criminals is inherent to their development. If they are treated from a young age as criminals, they will eventually come to accept that as part of their social identity, leading them to actually commit crimes in the future. If they were treated equally then black children, especially males, may not be on a definite path into the heart of the criminal justice system by the time they are adults.Ferguson addresses another problem that has a severe effect on the psyche of young black boys in public schools. Teachers and administrators alike are guilty of assuming that these children are headed for a future of crime. They are labeled as unsalvageable and bound for jail. She uses the example, â€Å"There is a jail cell with your name on it† coming from the teacher to one of their students. This is damaging to the child’s development because it seemingly predetermines their fate. The punishing room that Ferguson discusses is primarily made up of black boys.The punishing room makes these boys truly believe that they are bad, and that since even their teachers and other superiors cannot see through this it tends to give the children a sense of identity as someone who is bad, and does not really count. With the punishing room the idea is solidified in the minds of these children, which is a problem. Ideally these troubled children should be worked with individually in order to get to the root of the reason that they are acting out in school. Ferguson says about the punishing room, â€Å"The child who gets in trouble is the norm. Identities and reputations are mad e and remade here.It is the space in the school in which everyone is like yourself-in trouble-and you are no longer different. † This quote gives the reader a visible reference of why some of these children, deemed unsalvageable by their teachers, may get into trouble on purpose so they have to go to this place where at least they are not alone. This leads into the idea of the importance of group identity. Ferguson explains the importance of group identity in her book by basically saying that kids need to feel like they fit it, and they will use whatever tools necessary in order to do so.This is all brought together by the idea of cultural capital. Ferguson explains that in the school system there is a hierarchy of the children, â€Å"The disciplinary techniques of the school actively produce social identities of â€Å"good†, â€Å"bad†, â€Å"gifted†, â€Å"having potential†, â€Å"troubled†, and â€Å"troublesome,† rather than ferre t them out and reveal them as they naturally exist. The importance of group identity is essential in the development of all children. It helps them to develop a sense of self, who they are, and who they want to be.The problem lies in the fact that children are becoming fine with the idea that they are â€Å"bad† and come to accept that as reality, which allows them to form that identity, in turn making them into bad kids, because the only way that they are able to fit in to the social atmosphere is by acting out and getting in trouble. The boys in Ferguson’s study use the importance of group identity, coping mechanisms in public, and classroom performance in tandem to secure their own personal identities. Most of the kids are not really that â€Å"bad† they often have extenuating circumstances outside of school that make school not seem important to them.They often feel secluded, which draws from the problem with adultification by their teachers and other superi ors. So by acting out in the classroom they get attention, even though it is negative attention, it is still attention. Through the eyes of the teachers it seems like they are just putting forth a poor classroom performance. They do not see the struggles that the children go through outside of school, which tends to directly have an impact on the way the handle themselves in social situations, craving the need to belong to some sort of group. So they turn to what is presented to them, being bad.In conclusion, there are many flaws with the education system in the United States. The processes in which black children are dealt with need to be reformed. The idea of adultification as defined by Ferguson is a serious issue that plagues schools, where even teachers who are conscious of this fall into the category of looking at black children as small adults, holding them to different standards than their white counterparts. They are still subject to the controlling images of black males as being criminals, and assuming that they are on the path to prison anyway, so what is the use. This is unacceptable.Different strategies in dealing with this problem should be implemented than the ones that the public school system has to offer at the present time. Through Ferguson’s first-hand accounts of what she observed during her time in Rosa Parks School the reader is painted a picture of the very real problems at hand. Most people outside of these schools do not even realize what is going on and that is a problem as well. By studying Ferguson’s work one can hope that in the near future there will be some sort of reconstruction of the schools in order to help prevent further damage and stigmatization to black children.

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology †Summary Essay

How does Language affect the meanings we assign to our experience? The Ideas of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf demonstrate that the vocabulary of a language may direct perception to certain features of the environment, and the grammar of a language may encourage certain ways of looking at the world. The selection of metaphors also has an impact on the meanings we assign to experience. By taking language from one experience and applying it to another, we carry the meaning of one experience to the other. Robbins then explores the ways in which symbolic action reinforces a particular view of the world. Ritual, for example, symbolically depicts a certain view of reality in such a way that it convinces us of the truth of that reality. Examples include the Cannibal Dance of the Kwakwaka’wakw, which shows the values of Kwakwaka’wakw society and provides members with a way to control their lives, and the rituals of contemporary English magic and witchcraft, which convince persons of this society that mental forces can influence the material world. Walter Benjamin’s Surrealism essay explains how these competing political aims manifest themselves at the level of aesthetic form: â€Å"Here due weight must be given to the insight that in the Traite du style, Aragon’s last book, required a distinction between metaphor and image, a happy insight into questions of style that needs extending. Extension: nowhere do these two — metaphor and image — collide so drastically and so irreconcilably as in politics. For to organize pessimism means nothing other than to expel moral metaphor from politics and to discover in political action a sphere reserved one hundred percent for images. Only when in technology body and image so interpenetrate that all revolutionary tension becomes bodily collective innervation, and all the bodily innervations of the collective become revolutionary discharge, has reality transcended itself to the extent demanded by the Communist Manifesto. For the moment, only the Surrealists have understood its present commands. They exchange, to a man, the play of human features for the face of an alarm clock that in each minute rings for sixty seconds. † Benjamin’s analysis here provides the scattered fragments of a political-aesthetic diagnosis of surrealism which would differentiate this movement from conservative romantic traditions. While such traditions trade in â€Å"moral metaphor† and the â€Å"play of human features† — idealized human forms which are meant to serve as soothing allegories of the supposedly homogenous and unified social body — surrealists circulate what Benjamin elsewhere terms â€Å"dialectical images. † In his writings regarding the Cultural Industry, Adorno continues to emphasis the theories of the Frankfurt school and the concepts of Marx. The terms ‘mass deception’ and ‘social control’ seem to most accurately describe the ideas and theories that Adorno prescribe. He further suggests the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. According to the text we are conditioned to be obedient to the great social hierarchy, thus the opportunity for any social change is limited, is it not? The notion that culture is entertainment is also introduced, and that as individuals, we can only accept out work/roles knowing that pleasure will ultimately be rewarded. 2. Summarize what you consider to be the relationship between the assigned readings. How do the readings speak to each other? – All three authors I believe have a relationship with expressing metaphors in their texts. A thing regarded as representative or symbolic of something else, especially something abstract. Throughout each reading society, cultural, language, politics, thinking, and social change is present in all three readings and in all three these words are represented with symbolic meaning and/or have a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action. Through these metaphors I believe is the way that these texts speak to one another. Each text you can find similar symbolic meaning and a word or phrase that is attached to an object or action. . Identify one or more passages that you feel are especially provocative, suggestive, dubious or illustrative of the author’s argument. – In the Richard Robbins text one passage especially was provocative to the author’s argument in symbolic action reinforces a particular view of the world and the reality we as human beings live in. â€Å"Ritual, for example, symbolically depicts a certain view of r eality in such a way that it convinces us of the truth of that reality†. In the Walter Benjamin Text one passage especially was provocative to the author’s argument in explaining how competing political aims manifest themselves at the level of aesthetic form. â€Å"Here due weight must be given to the insight that in the Traite du style, Aragon’s last book, required a distinction between metaphor and image, a happy insight into questions of style that needs extending. Extension: nowhere do these two — metaphor and image — collide so drastically and so irreconcilably as in politics. † In the Theodor Adorno text one passage especially was provocative to the author’s argument in the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. â€Å"The notion that culture is entertainment is also introduced, and that as individuals, we can only accept out work/roles knowing that pleasure will ultimately be rewarded. Thus, must not culture and society be forced to change, as it was also interpreted that pleasure without change becomes a sort of work, and then our understanding/defining of pleasure must be constantly changing in order for the mass society to maintain social obedience. 4. Briefly compare the texts you have read or some aspect of it/them, with a previous selection or selections read in this course. – I reread â€Å"A Berlin Chronicle† in Reflections and then read the whole of Berlin Childhood around 1900. I thought about how he had not been able to return, and how he had written Berlin Childhood around 1900 precisely as a way of dealing with the irrevocable loss of the world of his childhood and its security. Benjamin knew by 1932 that he would never be able to return to Berlin his home again. Benjamin immortalized the cities that had rejected him, writing about his memories of earlier and safer times. Benjamin is recalling a lost world. He selects a variety of places and spaces that contain or prompt memories of his childhood and the high bourgeois world that nourished his fantasies and predilections. By 1932 this world was gone, or at least inaccessible to Benjamin and other Jews like him. Reading this text I can compare it to Richard Robbins chapter 4 material when he writes â€Å"demonstrate that the vocabulary of a language may direct perception to certain features of the environment, and the grammar of a language may encourage certain ways of looking at the world. † Reading this helped me understand â€Å"A Berlin Chronicle† and how Walter Benjamin’s language and vocabulary were in direct result of the environment he was living in and how that encouraged his view on Berlin. Also, Comparing â€Å"A Berlin Chronicle† to Theodor Adorno’s The Culture Industry I found a passage that directly relates to Walter Benjamin and his time in Berlin. â€Å"He further suggests the notion that socially, we are conditioned to think rationally, reasonably and through a scientific approach, which when structured to appease the larger cultural industry, functions by disallowing the potential for human individuality, and re-emphasizing the myth that such individuality could even exist. According to the text we are conditioned to be obedient to the great social hierarchy, thus the opportunity for any social change is limited. † After reading this passage you can relate this to the larger cultural as the Nazis as they were the ones disallowing the potential for human individuality against the Jews, while reemphasizing the myth that such Jewish individuality could even exist. 5. Offer a brief critical assessment of the texts and its ideas: Do you find that it opens up new avenues of inquiry or reveals new knowledge? What question does it raise for you? How would you evaluate them overall? -Out of the three texts I found an interesting passage out of Walter Benjamin’s Surrealism text that opens up new avenues of inquiry and reveals new knowledge for the reader. â€Å"There is always, in such movements, a moment when the original tension of the secret society must either explode in a matter of fact, profane struggle for power and domination, or decay as a public demonstration and be transformed. Reading this passage and the author’s use of the word illumination throughout the essay, the reader could easily open a new avenue on a secret society named the Illuminati. The author even stats â€Å"And the most passionate investigation of the hashish trance will not teach us half as much about thinking, as the profane illumination of thinking about the hashish trance. The reader, the thinker, the loiterer, the flaneur, are types of illuminati just as much as the opium eater, the dreamer, and the ecstatic. And more profane. Not to mention that most terrible drug –ourselves- which we take in solitude. With so many references or should I say hidden references I can only ask if Walter Benjamin is referring to this secret society the Illuminati. Overall all three texts had their strong points but from day one when I began Walter Benjamin’s readings he has captured me in ways other authors haven’t. It could be that he writes essays while intoxicated or how it seems there is always secret meaning in his writings. If not secret then definitely meaning that could be explored even further and spend a whole class just decoding this topic.

The Psychology interpretation of DREAMS

The Psychology interpretation of DREAMS Free Online Research Papers Dreams can be very coincidental and mysterious. Throughout history dreams have been associated with revelation and prophecy. And so the story goes, that a dream revealed the molecular structure of carbon to a scientist.[1] And so, just as we can wonder what a certain dream means to the dreamer, we can argue about what causes dreams in the first place. Yet, in spite of modern science, dreams still remain mysterious. In this paper I will; give some interesting information I learned about dreams and psychology. Sigmund Freud once called dreams the â€Å"Royal road, to the unconscious,† and I think that statement will remain true in psychology forever. Freud’s well-known text, The Interpretation of Dreams, contains some of his greatest work. I cant even begin to summarize Freud’s work here, but I will point out that Freud believed every dream is a wish fulfillment, and he kept this theory to the end, even though he gave up his idea that all dreams have a sexual content. For Freud, the concept of wish fulfillment didn’t necessarily mean that a pleasure was what the person is looking for, because a person could just as well have a wish to be punished. Although, this idea of â€Å"secret† wishes hidden in dreams remains most important to classical Freudian theories. Of course, there are other ideas about dreams besides Freudian theories. Some people believe that dreams have certain specific meanings. It’s said that if you dream about oranges, it means good health; if you dream about onions, it means hard work, and so on. You can even buy â€Å"dictionaries† of dream interpretation. Then there are modern scientists who claim that dreams are nothing more than images resulting from random electrical activity in the brain, as it cleans house during the night. And then there are those who accept the unconscious importance of dreams and see them as more than wish fulfillment; I find dreams to be valuable hints about how to improve our lives- and even keep us from self-destructing. To use dream material in a clinical way, in what is called -psychotherapy-, people need to realize that we never use the actual dream itself. That might sound weird, but think about it. When you tell someone about a dream, it’s impossible to pick apart the jumble of images that you perceived while you were sleeping. All you can do is put the dream into words in an imperfect attempt to describe what you experienced. So, in the end, to talk about the dream you really talk about the text of your perception of the dream. Text, stands for, language, and, it’s already a form of interpretation of the actual experience. So does it even matter if the images came to you because of random electrical activity, or because of that greasy pizza you ate before going to bed, or whether they are revelations from your unconscious mind? Your attempt to make sense of those images, wherever they came from, reveals something about your current emotional state of mind. The clinical work of dream interpretation, involves three things. First, you need a written text of the dream. It’s best if you write it down right after you wake up from the dream. But sometimes it’s possible to remember a dream- or a piece of the dream- that you haven’t written down, so whoever you are telling the dream to can write down what you say. Second, you have to describe and understand the psychological associations to the different images in the dream. These associations must come from your personal life, not from a â€Å"dictionary† of dreams. This means asking yourself, â€Å"When you think of this particular dream image, what other things come to mind?† Such as, dreaming about Mrs. Smith from your childhood, for example, doesn’t necessarily â€Å"mean† anything, but what you thought about Mrs. Smith when you were a child- like, what her life, behaviors, and values suggested to you then- might have something to say about the problems you struggle with today. Third, you have to discover the links between all these associations. This process is a bit like those â€Å"connect the dots† puzzles that reveal a hidden picture. Psychologically, you simply need to understand what this set of associations from the dream is telling you specifically, at this exact time of your life, about your current problems and conflicts . Quite often, these associations are purely emotional; meaning, you can take a graphic dream image, examine your emotional reactions to it, look back into your past for times when you felt the same emotions, and then ask yourself in what way those situations from the past have any influence on what is happening in your life now. Here are some helpful and interesting points about dream interpretation:It’s easy to forget your dreams. In order to interpret your dreams you have to remember them, so forgetting them is a real problem. In fact, those who chronically forget their dreams tend to claim that they don’t dream. Dreams are remembered only if you wake up during, or just at the end of, a dream. But if you just turn over and fall asleep again, you’re not likely to remember a thing in the morning. So to remember a dream you have to write it down as soon as you wake up from it. It helps to keep a note pad and a pen by your bed- and tell yourself, before you fall asleep, that you want to write down any dreams you can remember that night. Dreams often mean the opposite of what they seem to mean. The technical, psychoanalytic explanation for this is complicated, but it has to do with the fact that we often see our own desires as they are reflected (and mirror-reversed) through others. For example, if you dream that you’re embarrassed for being in public without clothes, it likely means that you have a deep unconscious need for some hidden aspect of your being to be shown to others in its â€Å"naked truth.† You don’t have to interpret your dreams in order to solve your problems. But just as there is the saying that â€Å"Death cures cigarette smoking,† you might find that listening to your dreams may help you solve your problems before you run out of time. Similarly, although dream analysis does not necessarily have to be a part of your well being, your understanding of yourself can be enhanced if you make the effort to interpret your dreams. But understand there are other great things you can do that have nothing to with dreams to enhance your personal well-being and solve your problems. There is so much information on dreams I have researched, but it is impossible to explain everything to you in one essay. Keep in mind that dreams are not just crazy random stories your unconscious mind makes up while your asleep, they have meaning and explanation, and can sometimes tell you things about yourself that you did not know. Dreams could also have a lot to do with images resulting from random electrical activity in your brain. In conclusion, if you are wondering what a specific dream interprets or has to do with what you are feeling inside, write it down, pick it apart, analyze it and research it, you might be very surprised at what you find. But do not stress if you cannot figure out what a dream is telling you, some are meant to remain a mystery and pose as a challenge for you to overcome in life. Research Papers on The Psychology Mind TravelThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTwilight of the UAWStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Writing a Statistics Essay A Complete Guide

Writing a Statistics Essay A Complete Guide Writing a statistics essay is quite different from the kind of essay writing you are probably used to, as it requires a completely different set of skills and competencies to successfully complete. Students excelling at all other types of essays may find themselves confused by its requirements, and vice versa, those usually struggling with their written assignments are often praised for the clarity and curtness of expression. The primary goal of a statistics essay is to report the quantitative findings of research; beautiful turns of phrase and brilliant reasoning are far less important than the ability to present facts in a meaningful sequence and make logical conclusions based on them. If you experience problems with your statistics essay writing, you’ve come to the right place – in this guide you will find all the information necessary to write your own texts of this type without any additional help. Pre-Writing Tips Selecting a Topic The most important characteristic of a topic you should look out for is that it should be firmly grounded in facts. If the subject matter is vague and unquantifiable, then it doesn’t suit your purposes. As for other characteristics of a good topic, consider: How much you already know about the issue in question. It is best to avoid topics you know absolutely nothing about. Not only will you have to do all your research from scratch if you choose one, but it may also turn out to be impossible to find solid proof at all; How much information on the topic there is. Do a background check on the topic you are about to choose. You may want to use an online academic database like Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, EBSCO to name a few. These databases can be really helpful in finding sources of information on specific topics and, what is no less important, they usually show how many times this or that source has been referred to in peer-reviewed papers. It is a good indication of how trustworthy this or that source is; If you are interested in the topic. Gathering statistical data isn’t the most exciting pastime. Being genuinely interested in what you are writing about can make this task much more palatable; If it is possible to alter the topic. Sometimes, even when the assignment seems to be set in stone, it may be worth asking your instructor for some alterations. More often than not, your request will be granted, as long as it is reasonable. Here are a few options you can use as examples: Is Life Possible on Mars Based on Currently Available Data; The Spread of Personal Transport in the First 10 Years after the Introduction of Ford Model T; Influence of Teaching Methods on Mindsets of Generations; Data Interpretation and Its Importance in Promoting the Growth of a Startup; Prior Exercise and Concentration of Blood Lactate. As you can see, statistics can deal with virtually any area of human knowledge; so don’t be afraid of choosing a topic that looks unusual both to you and your instructor. Writing up an Outline Writing an essay without a clear-cut plan will lead to waste of time, effort and energy. Students who write following a plan they prepared beforehand complete their work faster, don’t forget to mention crucial details and write in a more structured and organized manner, getting better grades and enjoying a good reputation with their instructors as a result. That’s why preparing an outline is a crucial step in writing any text, and it shouldn’t be omitted. Structurally, a statistics essay consists of the following parts: Introduction usually, it serves the purpose of grasping and retaining the reader’s attention, and statistics essays are no different in this respect. However, you should take into account the nature of what you write – assignments of this kind have their grounding in facts, and your introduction should contain some leading up to the important statistical and factual data you are going to discuss; Thesis statement – the statement of the problem that led you to the research in question. More about it later; Body paragraphs – they should contain a detailed analysis of the statistical data produced by research; Conclusion – it contains the summary of your work and the conclusions you’ve come to. Your essay may include these parts without individual headings, but if you want to make your paper easier to navigate you can add them. Gathering the Sources of Information: Several Resources from Our Writers Collecting your own data to write a statistics essay is usually not worth it. Data gathering is a complicated, extremely time-consuming and often thankless task, and an essay is usually too small an assignment to call for such investments of time and effort. Remember, the primary goal of statistics essay writing is to teach you how to analyze the information, not how to gather it, and it is exactly what the majority of your time should be dedicated to. This means that the majority of your information will come from other sources: peer-reviewed papers, data sets, books, reports, articles, anywhere you can find it. In addition to libraries and online databases, there are plenty of opportunities for getting reliable statistical information on the Internet. The exact places will vary depending on your discipline. For example, Pew Research Center is an excellent source of reports and statistics covering social trends both in the United States and abroad. Population Reference Bureau is a treasure trove of information on population, environment and health statistics. If you need information on more specific topics, there are plenty of resources covering narrower fields, like Uniform Crime Reporting (criminal justice), Homeland Security immigration statistics (immigration) or labor statistics by the Department of Labor. As for other sources of information that don’t have a credible organization behind them, you have to be very careful about their credibility. Always check the following: Who is the author and what are his credentials? Is he a specialist in the topic he covers? Are there any other works by the same author on this topic? Is the author biased? Are there any indications of this (emotional language, author’s background or views, discrepancies between the article’s intended and real purpose)? What is the quality of other content from the same source? If the source comes from a website, what are its goals? Are there any advertisements? In what ways does the website make money? If you want to cite a particular passage, copy/paste it into Google to check if it appears elsewhere; Does the author cite his sources? Are the sources cited real? Does he provide proof for his statements? Answering these questions will give you a good indication of whether a particular source can be trusted. Writing Tips Introduction and Thesis Statement You should start with a reason why you believe your topic to be worthy of research. For example, you may state that it is an area of established interest or, vice versa, belongs to a relatively new area of study. However, no matter how new and original the topic of your essay is, it cannot exist in isolation from the existing body of research – each essay should contain at least one reference to prior research on the subject related to its topic, and the introduction is a good place to mention it. A thesis statement is, in short, a boiled-down version of your essay’s main idea. For example, if you study the correlations between the gross national product and literacy levels (the topic), your thesis statement may be something like â€Å"According to statistics, the greater gross national product per capita, the higher the literacy rate in the country†. A thesis statement should come at the end of the introduction and meet the following requirements: Be no longer than two (better one) relatively short sentences; Be clear and unambiguous. You should be able to bring your entire idea to a single definite point. If you find it necessary to mention two or more points to explain what your essay is about, your topic is probably a bit unfocused and needs some further clarification; Be logically and smoothly connected to the preceding part of the introduction and the following body paragraph; Be relevant. After you finish your essay and proofread it, pay special attention to your thesis statement to make sure you haven’t drifted away from what you originally intended to write about. Body Paragraphs and General Style Body paragraphs serve to either prove or disprove the hypothesis you’ve mentioned in your thesis statement through facts and their analysis. A hypothesis is an assertion that isn’t initially supported by facts but gains credibility in the course of attempts to disprove it. Of course, it is more fulfilling to propose and support a hypothesis you find true after testing it, but it may be an interesting intellectual exercise to do exactly the opposite: propose a hypothesis and refute it on your own. Remember: whether the body of evidence ends up supporting or disproving your hypothesis by itself doesn’t influence your grade, only the quality of your research work does. Here are some general statistics essay writing tips you should take into account when writing your body paragraphs: The style of statistics essays is usually quite formal – there is no place to exclamation marks, ellipses, emotional language, contractions and, of course, slang and jargon. Sentences are matter-of-fact and are only concerned with transferring information in the most efficient way possible. That’s why you shouldn’t worry too much about such stylistic aspects as a tautology – on the contrary, use the same word to refer to a concept throughout your essay, it will help to make it easier to understand; When you quote something, make sure you do it accurately and don’t change the source material. Also, make it obvious that it is a quotation and not your own words, otherwise you may be accused of plagiarism; Use paragraphs as primary units of meaning. One paragraph should contain no more than a single point in support of your hypothesis plus a few pieces of supporting evidence; Connect paragraphs with transition words and phrases to ensure the logical connection between the parts of your essay; Differentiate between primary and secondary sources and don’t rely on the latter too much. Secondary sources are the those that are cited in primary ones. If you like a quotation, either quote it with a phrase ‘as cited in’, or find it the original source and read it. Never quote sources you haven’t read as if you did. Conclusion Here you summarize your research and provide a link to the broader problem you’ve mentioned in the introduction. There isn’t much to say about this part – you simply provide a short summary of your work and conclusions you’ve come to. Did your research support or refute your initial hypothesis? If your hypothesis was supported, how applicable your theory is (how much variance does it cover?)? Answer these questions, and your conclusion will be alright. Post-Writing Tips If you don’t neglect the proofreading stage, your chances of getting a good grade greatly increase – students often miss mistakes, both grammatical and stylistic, while they write and reread their essay immediately after finishing it. If there is any time until the submission date, let your essay lie for at least a few days before proofreading it; Get a few other people to read it for you – the author is always subjective towards his own work and tends to miss things; Check if the essay’s structure works as intended: all parts perform their functions, there are obvious transitions between paragraphs, each paragraph contains but a single point, etc.; Check if all your arguments are relevant for your hypothesis; Check if your arguments have any weak spots and address them; Make sure you are critical when reviewing the evidence and present all the points of view on the subject; Make sure your writing doesn’t show any signs of biased opinions. Writing a statistics essay may be quite unlike anything else you did in the course of your academic career, but with the help of this statistics essay writing guide, you will be able to acquire the necessary experience to deal with it just as easily as with any assignment you are used to.

Case Study Writing

Case Study Writing In higher education, students are often required to write case studies. Used in most (if not all) academic disciplines, a case study serves to provide a thorough analysis of a situation, or â€Å"case.† Its purpose is to reveal interesting information about a classification of things – and is analytical in nature. Perhaps it’s best to see the case as the â€Å"real-life† situation; the case study is the analysis of this situation.  Fundamentally, case studies seek to solve a problem. For example, a business student may perform a case study on a particular company; while the political science student might conduct one on a particular country or a political ideology. In a psychology course, a case study could be written about a person’s mental illness, or how kids with cerebral palsy learn to read and write and speak, for a more specific example. Case studies cover a broad range of topics – but there is one underlying theme: they highlight a larger problem or issue, a real-life situation, in the field and, through heavy research and the application of theories, concepts and common knowledge in a field of study, serve to illuminate those problems through an in-depth study of its application to an individual or single unit. There are two approaches to writing a case study.  One is the Analytical Approach, where the case study is performed in an attempt to understand what has happened and why and does not identify a problem or suggest solutions.  The other approach to a case study is the Problem-Oriented Method used to identify existing problems and then suggesting solutions to said problems. Case Studies Should Always: Apply the knowledge and ideas covered in a course to a practical, real-life situation Identify – then suggest solutions to – present problems Recommend the BEST solution to these problems Detail exactly how this solution should be incorporated The Five Steps to Writing a Case Study Step 1. Choose a subject, issue or problem, and conduct thorough research on that topic (by using books, journals, magazines, and newspapers). Of course, the issue should pertain to the course in which the assignment is given, and the student should make sure to record these sources for later. Step 2. Choose a case â€Å"site† – a location, organization, company, or even individuals experiencing a problem – then plan and set up interviews. Remember: interviewees should, for example, be involved in the same company or organization, or the case â€Å"site,† with a common interest in solving the problem. Step 3. Conduct interviews. This is a crucial step to a case study. Ask interviewees what solutions have already been attempted, as well as inquired about their feelings about the situation, and what they could, perhaps, do differently to solve the underlying problem in the future. Open-ended questions are best – What is working? How did the situation develop? Stay away from yes or no questions for an objective analysis. Step 4. Organize and analyze the information gathered from the interviews and the research to identify which are most pertinent in solving the problem. Step 5. Double-check all the information on the case study, make your conclusions, and voila its ready. You may be interested in: Critical Analysis How to Write an Argumentative Essay Book Report Writing Writing Effective Assignments Tips on Improving Students Study Skills The Eight Sections of a Case Study:   Synopsis/Executive Summary outlining the purpose of the case study, a description of research, a broad outline of the issues and findings, and the theory being used   Analysis, which identifies the problems in the case and is supported by factual evidence   Discussion summarizing the major problems, which identifies alternative solutions to these problems; it should briefly outline each alternative solution, and then evaluate the advantages/disadvantages of each   Conclusion – it should sum up the main points gathered from findings and the discussions   Recommendations explaining what alternative solutions should be adopted to solve the problem, briefly justifying these solutions in a persuasive manner. In this section, integration of theory pertinent to the coursework is most appropriate   Implementation explaining what should be done, by whom and when   References used in the case study   Appendices may be used to note any original data relating to the study that may have interrupted the flow of the main body These are basic case study writing steps. If you need any further assistance and/or guidance with your case study, is the service that is happy to assist. Simply send us your requirements, attach any relevant files and send it over. We will analyze your assignment and then provide feedback on how it should be done. Additionally, we can provide additional counseling and guidance on case study writing by providing a sample case study response. You will then be able to use this model paper as a sample to work on your subsequent case study assignments. is happy to be your academic advisor!

Medical Statistics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medical Statistics - Coursework Example The datasets are in tab-delimited text format (â€Å".txt†) – the file you need has your matriculation number on it, for example, if you matriculation number was 123456789 then your file would be called â€Å"AS_123456789.txt†. Also save the file called Assign1.tpf as well (it can help when loading the data into SPSS – see below). To open your dataset in Minitab, go to File > Open Worksheet in Minitab, choose filetype of Text (*.txt), select your dataset and click Open. To open your dataset in SPSS you have two choices: 1. Open the data in Excel and in Excel save it as an Excel file. Then open the Excel file in SPSS the usual way. You could also do this via Minitab. 2. Go to File > Read Text Data in SPSS, choose your file and click OPEN. This will open a window called â€Å"Text Import Wizard – Step 1 of 6†. Click the Yes button to the question â€Å"Does your text file match a predefined format?† and then click on Browse and choose As sign1.tpf and click Open. Then click Finish twice and the data should open. Once you have done this it makes sense to annotate the data (e.g. indicate that 1 means boy and 2 means girl for Sex) and then save the data with an appropriate name in the .sav format before you do any analysis. To open the data in Minitab, having altered the dataset in SPSS, just copy and paste the data directly from the SPSS data editor into Minitab (you could also save a copy of it as an Excel file, and then open that in Minitab). Research question of interest: Do 5 year old children living in deprived areas have worse oral health than 5 year old children living in more affluent areas? Variables in your excel file: RefNumber Child reference number (for admin purposes) DepCat Deprivation category (on a 1-7 scale, where 1 is most affluent and 7 is most deprived). In the catchment area for this study, all the postcode sectors were in DepCat 4, 6 or 7 RegCat String (character) variable, with 3 categories: No tReg – never registered with a dentist; Lapsed – previously registered but now lapsed; Reg – currently registered with a dentist Sex 1 = boys, 2 = girls DFMT Number of teeth with active decay, that are filled or are missing pH pH value of saliva in mouth – the lower it is, the more acidic. Questions NOTE: for Q2 and Q4 you are expected to follow and report on each stage of the Data Analysis Algorithm shown on p1 of Workbook 3, and ensure you cover both confidence interval and hypothesis testing approaches. 1) Using either Minitab or SPSS, obtain appropriate descriptive statistics for the variables Sex, DepCat, RegCat and DFMT. Provide a short interpretation of the output you produce. Answer 1: DepCat DepCat is an indication of the deprivation category. The variable is rated in the scale of 1 to 7 with 1 being the most affluent and 7 being the most deprived. The study was done with people living in the area with DepCat of 4, 6 or 7. Of the total 100 observ ations, there were 96 cases with appropriate value. 4 cases had missing values. This is quantitative analysis, the output of which is given below: Frequencies Statistics DepCat N Valid 96 Missing 4 DepCat Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 4 20 20.0 20.8 20.8 6 34 34.0 35.4 56.3 7 42 42.0 43.8 100.0 Total 96 96.0 100.0 Missing System 4 4.0 Total 100 100.0 The table above shows the frequency table of the variable. It can be seen that most of the respondents had DepCat value of 7 which is the category of most deprived of all the classes. About 43.8

Passive cooling and ventillation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Passive cooling and ventillation - Research Paper Example Structural designs that involved window designs, wall thickness and shading, roofing styles, low heat conductance material, external microclimate control, water bodies and structure stance characterized the era. The contemporary building designs should consider the historical strategies in order to utilize unharnessed resources and reduce energy consumption that leads to resource depletion (Santamouris and Kolokotsa 5). Heat is transferred through three ways, conduction, radiation as well as convention. The three form the basis for heat control ideologies. The construction engineers require having insight on the site’s climate and whether patterns to successfully employ the passive cooling techniques. Most important information they need include the sun’s positions throughout the year and direction of winds (Youtube 1). The wall and windows transfer heat across from the external environment to the internal environment through conduction. The choice of materials to compr ise the wall and windows determine the efficiency of the building in blocking out undesired heat. Use of a high R-value material for walls ensures minimal heat transfer thus maintaining the inner environment cool. A low U-value material for windows acts in a similar way. ... Another strategy is planting of vegetation on the roof. The plants absorb most of the heat and loose it through evapo-transpiration thus the building remains relatively cool. Alternatively, making the roof dome-shaped reduces the surface area for radiation. At least one side of the dome will be shaded at any time. Therefore, while the other side radiates heat into the doomed space beneath the roof the shaded side will be re-radiating the heat out to the atmosphere. The walls directly illuminated by sun radiate heat into the building too. The design should be such that sunshades cover greater surface of the wall to reduce radiation surface. Deep engravings on the wall increase shaded surface area thus reducing radiation area as well (Asif 11) Windows offer another media for heat radiation in and out of the building. Depending on the direction the wall faces, window-to-wall surface ratio optimization helps regulate heat transfer. The windows should comprise of material that allows in o nly visible light while reflecting back ultraviolet and infrared rays. Depending on the time of day and season, window shutters reduce the internal temperatures by hindering radiation (Asif 11). Heat transfer into or out of the building may be resultant of air mass movement. Gaps or openings on the walls and windows allow heat to seep into the building increasing the internal temperature. Gaps on walls should be located on sides that face away from the sun depending on geographical location. Sealing the openings between windows and walls appropriately reduces seepage of hot air into the building. However, the openings may act as a means of cooling the internal spaces

Strategic management. Current strategic structure for Qantas airline Essay

Strategic management. Current strategic structure for Qantas airline - Essay Example The company is an award winner for being in the top 6 airlines in the world for the past 5 consecutive years.The in flight entertainment and wine list have also won it numerous awards.Qantas Chief Executive Officer Alan Joyce has outstanding leadership experience in airlines and,therefore,understands the operation relatively well. Qantas has a strong governance structure and board which includes individuals with a wide range of experiences. The airline also operates a range of businesses that include baggage handling, check in and passenger lounges. It also operates Qantas catering that runs two businesses: Snap Fresh, a big manufacturer of frozen meats and other, different meal components; Q catering this is premium catering businesses. Q catering operates 7 centers across Australia and also sells to other airlines. It also supplies about four million bottles of the country’s wine. The airline has interests in the Singapore firm Holiday Tours and Travel. The airline merged wi th Jet set in July 2008, to create Jet set Travel World, where Qantas Airline owns 58 percent. Qantas program, frequent flyer, is another business with 15 million members. The program supplied over 450000 award seats on the program partner airlines. Qantas engineering runs a large maintenance and repair business that has earned the tag of being the best for their safety records. The airline also operates a holiday travel business. Qantas airline is a well branded airline as the spirit of Australia, and it has a number of outstanding accepted TV advertisements on this theme. Domestically, it is a well supported full service airline and in the Global travel as the Australian airline. The airline has still managed to be among the world’s most profitable airlines. However, in mid 2009 the profits became predicted to fall by 100 million. In response to this financial crisis Qantas airline has grounded decided to ground 10 aircraft, and has also informed Boeing that it will defer i ts orders for the 737-14 version of the aircraft and also a delay for the delivery of the new 15, 787 Dream liners. The decisions taken by the outgoing CEO George Dixon, to save money, has affected the airline both negatively and positively. He improved the bottom line but destroyed the operations of the Qantas engineers and the baggage handlers. British airways and Qantas airline underwent a number of merger talks in the late 2008. The benefits of this merger was the economies of scale present in the buying and flying of the aircraft, joint frequent flyer scheme and also, the joint IT scheme. However, problems in negotiations proved that the merger would not proceed, and the Qantas executives claimed to be looking for mergers with other airlines. The downsizing of the airline led to a number of strikes by the airline engineers and the baggage handlers. The CEO decision to outsource about 7000 of the airline employees became unwelcome (Hanson, 2010). This number of strikes have cost the airline lost revenue as more than 300 flights had to be cancelled during the period of the standoff between the management unions and the management board. During this period, Qantas airline lost Air New Zealand, which transitioned out of its maintenance contract with the airline, and opted to use the Cathay Pacific maintenance people. The strikes have proven fact that the Qantas airline workforce got well unionized and aggressive in the defense of their working conditions. Corporate and Business Strategy using the Balanced Score Board I have recommended the intensive strategy that includes; market penetration, market development and market development. Due to the nature of the industry the strategy is best for the company to survive. Market penetration should be implemented when the present market becomes not saturated, the rate of the current customers can be increased, and sales in the industry are increasing. In market penetration, the number of the sales person gets increa sed, increasing

Restoration. Michael Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Restoration. Michael - Essay Example The arrangement of the essay is also impeccable since he proposed solutions as well as the realities of their adoption are detailed following the student’s pointing out of the unsustainable monetary schemes that BP has set up to possibly mitigate the severe environmental, economic and even social challenges that resulted from the collapse of the Deep Water Oil rig. These include environmental alteration processes that seek to undo the damages of oil and any other environmental challenges. The essay however has two main challenges. The first one is the overly casual manner in which it is written making it appear to be more of an informal discussion of the matter at hand. The student barely follows the rules of grammar in this text leading to a number of spelling errors in the essay. Another mistake that was made is the mention of organizations purely by means of their acronyms. These include BP and NOAA which stand for British Petroleum and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. If the student minimizes on these minor issue, his or her essays will definitely improve in

WIPO, Berne, TRIPS, Copyright Law and their Implications for Google Essay

WIPO, Berne, TRIPS, Copyright Law and their Implications for Google - Essay Example Thus all national copyright laws to a greater or lesser extent attempt to balance recognition and enforcement of copyright against broader interests and needs. International copyright law has recognised the need for this balance but the exact nature of the appropriate balance has been contentious. The nature of the balance envisaged in the Berne Convention may well have been different from that envisaged in subsequent legislation and this essay will begin by defining the dimensions of that balance. It will then proceed to consider the changes in international copyright law brought about by the TRIPS Agreement and the WIPO Copyright Treaty to establish whether the balance as now recognised in international copyright law is different from that originally recognised by the Berne Convention. Article 13 of TRIPs illustrates the essence of the Berne Convention and TRIPs, which is that the copyright holder's rights cannot be derrogated from except in special circumstances in the public interest. However, the test is very strict whereby the rights of the artist are paramount in the Berne Convention where it it widely accepted that the copyright holder and the artist was one and the same. ... copyright holder is frequently not the artist because the caopyrights are owned by the employer, agent or company that commissions the individual's work. Therefore TRIPs focuses on the economic rights of the copyright holder and ignores the moral rights of the artist. Public interest rights in both of these conventions are ignored except for the cases of academic interest. It is not deemed as important that communal and indigenous rights should be protected or materials that are valuable to the development of the greater good of the community. This is especially so in the developing countries, where licenses and permissions for copyrighted material need to be obtained to educate and fund the development of their citizenry. The WIPO Copyright Treaty in many ways has been introduced to protect public interest rights and limit the copyright holder's rights, but in a balance with the moral rights of the artist. It still focuses too much on economic rights, but it is a move in the right d irection. "Libraries will continue to play a critical role in ensuring access for all in the information society. Properly functioning national and international networks of library and information services are critical to the provision of access to information. Traditionally, libraries have been able to provide reasonable access to the purchased copies of copyright works held in their collections. However, if in future all access and use of information in digital format becomes subject to payment, a library's ability to provide access to its users will be severely restricted."1 Intellectual Property needs to understand that there are public interest rights as it deals with a variety of areas, stemming from inventions through to ideas and artistic writings and pictures. In relation to

How the Internal and External Environment Effect Hublots Marketing Essay

How the Internal and External Environment Effect Hublots Marketing - Essay Example The researcher states that the internal influences tend to determine the marketing in more outlook. The management usually makes the decision that influences the marketing department in their objectives and priorities. Financial capability of the firm also plays a lot in marketing. The financial structure and policies should allow enough funds for the implementation of the marketing plans and strategy, thus if hub lot company have limited funds or in event locate less capital for the marketing department, then the department would not achieve their target as watches are products that need a huge investment in marketing policies to keep up with the new ones that may emerge. On the other hand, research and development of hub lot watches should ensure production of quality, attractive and be creative and innovative so that the product can compete in the market. The image that the company portrays and branding of the product help the marketing to create intermediaries and channels throug h which hub lot watches may enter the new market and rival the competitors. Hence the internal factors are key efficiency in the marketing of the hub lot company. External influences are situations that are beyond the company control. It is important for a company to manage their competitors in the market as they influence a lot on the performance of the company produces more so in pricing and market share of the product. Thus firms like hub lot watches must have an efficient marketing system to be more productive and keep pace with the new inventions. Economic factors do influence the market on various scenario since it determines the distribution of goods within the economy e.g. infrastructure, and since this is goods which need to reach the market for their respective customers, the efficient movement must be available.

WIPO, Berne, TRIPS, Copyright Law and their Implications for Google Essay

WIPO, Berne, TRIPS, Copyright Law and their Implications for Google - Essay Example Thus all national copyright laws to a greater or lesser extent attempt to balance recognition and enforcement of copyright against broader interests and needs. International copyright law has recognised the need for this balance but the exact nature of the appropriate balance has been contentious. The nature of the balance envisaged in the Berne Convention may well have been different from that envisaged in subsequent legislation and this essay will begin by defining the dimensions of that balance. It will then proceed to consider the changes in international copyright law brought about by the TRIPS Agreement and the WIPO Copyright Treaty to establish whether the balance as now recognised in international copyright law is different from that originally recognised by the Berne Convention. Article 13 of TRIPs illustrates the essence of the Berne Convention and TRIPs, which is that the copyright holder's rights cannot be derrogated from except in special circumstances in the public interest. However, the test is very strict whereby the rights of the artist are paramount in the Berne Convention where it it widely accepted that the copyright holder and the artist was one and the same. ... copyright holder is frequently not the artist because the caopyrights are owned by the employer, agent or company that commissions the individual's work. Therefore TRIPs focuses on the economic rights of the copyright holder and ignores the moral rights of the artist. Public interest rights in both of these conventions are ignored except for the cases of academic interest. It is not deemed as important that communal and indigenous rights should be protected or materials that are valuable to the development of the greater good of the community. This is especially so in the developing countries, where licenses and permissions for copyrighted material need to be obtained to educate and fund the development of their citizenry. The WIPO Copyright Treaty in many ways has been introduced to protect public interest rights and limit the copyright holder's rights, but in a balance with the moral rights of the artist. It still focuses too much on economic rights, but it is a move in the right d irection. "Libraries will continue to play a critical role in ensuring access for all in the information society. Properly functioning national and international networks of library and information services are critical to the provision of access to information. Traditionally, libraries have been able to provide reasonable access to the purchased copies of copyright works held in their collections. However, if in future all access and use of information in digital format becomes subject to payment, a library's ability to provide access to its users will be severely restricted."1 Intellectual Property needs to understand that there are public interest rights as it deals with a variety of areas, stemming from inventions through to ideas and artistic writings and pictures. In relation to

Henry V Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Henry V - Essay Example â€Å"Henry V† grossed 10 million dollars in the United States. Branagh was nominated for Oscar for Best Director and Best Actor in a Leading Role; Phyllis Dalton won the British Academy Award and Oscar for Best Costume Design. The soundtrack to the movie by Patrick Doyle is noteworthy; it is became known on its own. The film also received other awards such as European Film Awards and awards from the National Board of Review and the New York Film Critics Circle. The movie tells the story of the young King of England Henry V. He, being stirred by high church officials and advisors is contemplating to start a war with France on the ground of claims for the throne of France. At the time when the King is talked into the war, he is also insulted by the King of France. French think of Henry as of a young boy they have no reasons to be afraid of, so the Dauphine of France sends him tennis balls as a royal gift. King Henry seizes the opportunity for a war as a chance to change his ima ge and to live up to expectations of his people, so he leads his troops into battles against France. He has to deal with treason, lack of supply and exhaustion of his soldiers, their morale lowering. He is a good commander of his army, loved by his soldiers, firm and cruel with those, who break the law and noble in his interactions with French. He also has to face his own uncertainties and find strength in communion with God. The culmination of the war is the Battle of Agincourt, won by handful of English man compared to the large French army. Then, the treaty is signed between England and French, and King Henry woos princes Katherine into marriage. â€Å"Henry V† is considered to be one of the most historically accurate movies ever filmed. However, there are a few inconsistencies. The source of historical information for Shakespeare’s play was the â€Å"Chronicles† of English history written by Raphael Holinshed. But, to create a dramatic and intriguing story, authors had to take liberty and change some of the details, albeit, not significant. The events, portrayed in the movie, took place in 1415. The film presents accounts of only a portion of a long lasting unresolved conflict between France and England, known as the Hundred Years’ War. The beginnings, origins and causes of the dispute were very complex, but the reason for an open conflict was the argument over the rich and beautiful French territory of Gascony. According to the play and the movie, the immediate cause of the war was Henry’s claim to the French throne. However, the claim to the French throne was made earlier than that. The French king Philip VI made an unsuccessful attempt to retake Gascony, but the defeat of the Scottish uprising in the battle of Halidon Hill literally crossed out all his plans. Embarrassed and humiliated, he decided to eliminate all English influence from the territory of France. After scouting English settlements on the English Channel, he gathered enough courage to challenge English authority. In retaliation, King Edward claimed that he was de facto the legitimate heir to the throne of France. Phillip, of course, was furious by this proud claim and formally declared war to England. So Henry V was not the one who made the allegation to the French throne; he only continued the demand of his ancestor, Edward, which began the war in the first place. Also, the movie shows the two nations supposedly living in peace with

Clovis People Essay Example for Free

Clovis People Essay DNA harvested from the remains of an infant buried 13,000 years ago confirms that the earliest widespread culture in North America was descended from humans who crossed over to the New World from Asia, scientists say. The research, detailed in this weeks issue of the journal Nature, also suggests that many contemporary Native Americans are direct descendants of the so-called Clovis people, whose distinctive stone tools have been found scattered across North America and Mexico. The origins and genetic legacy of the people who made Clovis tools have been topics of debate among scientists. While most archaeologists think that the Clovis people were descended from Asians, an alternative theory suggests that the Clovis ancestors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum more than 15,000 years ago. The new findings strongly refute that idea, known as the Solutrean hypothesis, said study co-author Michael Waters, director of the Center for the Study of the First Americans at Texas AM University. This shows very clearly that the ancestry of the very first Americans can be traced back to Asia, Waters said. David Anderson, an anthropologist at the University of Tennessee Knoxville, agreed. Theres been a standard model for a long time that modern Native Americans are descended from populations coming from East Asia a few thousand years before Clovis, and thats what this finding reinforces, said Anderson, who was not involved in the study. Anthropologist Dennis Jenkins of the University of Oregon said the new study was a really important and really well done piece of research that opens the door for new kinds of genetic comparisons among ancient Native American remains. The importance of this cannot be overemphasized, said Jenkins, who also did not participate in the research. People have often asked me whats the relationship of the Paisley Caves—a site in Oregon where human feces and artifacts up to 13,200 years old have been found—to Clovis, and Ive always said that would be really nice to know, but there hasnt been any Clovis DNA until now, he said. Oldest Burial in North America. The skeleton of the Clovis child—which experts determined belonged to a young boy about one to one-and-a-half years old—was discovered in 1968 in the Anzick burial site in western Montana. Dozens of ochre-covered stone tools found at the site were consistent with Clovis technology, and radiocarbon dating revealed that the skeleton was approximately 12,600 years old. The Anzick skeleton is the oldest burial in North America, and the only known human burial associated with the Clovis culture, Waters said. Photo of the site where the artifacts were found. † width= PHOTOGRAPH BY MIKE WATERS The earliest known North American burial was found here in western Montana. Using bone shavings collected from the skull, the scientists painstakingly reconstructed the full genome of the young Clovis child. It was actually quite a big challenge, said study leader Eske Willerslev, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark who led the sequencing effort. Only 1 to 2 percent of the collected DNA was human, Willerslev said. The rest of it came from bacteria that invaded the skeleton after death. Comparison studies of the ancient DNA showed that it was similar to the genomes of ancient people living in Siberia and the ancestors of East Asians. The team also discovered a deep genetic affinity between the boys genetic material and those of 52 Native American populations living in South America and Canada. The Anzick remains share a common ancestry with almost every modern Native American group that we looked at, Waters said. This is an incredible result, Willerslev said, because it suggests that the relatives of the Anzick child were the direct ancestors of most Native American groups living today. This would be possible, he added, if the population of humans living in the New World about 13,000 years ago was very small and every member was closely related to the others. The scientists say they strongly suspect, but cannot yet prove, that Native Americans in the United States are also closely related to the Clovis people. Native American groups in the U. S. have been reluctant to share their DNA, or the DNA of their ancestors, with scientists. Unfortunately, we dont have much genetic material for native people living in the United States, Waters said. If you look at the genetic map [of humans around the world], the U. S. is a big [blank] spot. Jenkins of the University of Oregon said he hopes the new study will lead to further collaborations between scientists and U. S. Native American groups. That trust has got to be developed, and thats where Willerslevs group really excelled, Jenkins said. Well be better anthropologists and scientists if we view these remains more as the remains of people rather than just artifacts.

Effect of Age Stereotypes on Balance Performance

Effect of Age Stereotypes on Balance Performance Question 1: An important aspect of physical functioning is the ability to stay balanced. How may expectations generated by age stereotypes influence older adults’ balance performance? Critically review psychological theory and research relevant to this issue, and discuss broader implications for interventions that may support healthy physical functioning of older persons. Loh Qiu Yan Melissa Abstract Older adults face wide range of age stereotypes as they age into their golden years. Such life cycles made people question their cognitive ability and physical functions. The effect of age stereotypes led to one facing both positive and negative aspect of life. These constant stereotyping had negative impacts on health and physical function. But with the help of social interactions, it helped older folks have a choice in leading a more balanced life. The use of social networks helped maintain their physical and cognitive functioning, giving them the room to have independence as well as learning more about their bodily functions. Importance and interventions in maintaining balance performance in physical functioning of older adults. Aging is an inevitable process in living beings where the condition of the body deteriorates resulting in decline of functioning. This challenges the physical abilities and cognitive functioning of older people (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012) in instances of performing daily activities such as being mobile enough to bath and dress on their own (Clark, Hayes, Jones, Lievesley, 2009). In order to maintain the ability to be mobile and independent in bodily functions at an older age, this is usually accompanied with the decline in physical, mental and sensory abilities. These declines in functions can affect performance in areas that require cognition involving fluid intelligence for example memory and abilities to reason and explain, along with task that require executive control involving vocabulary and word knowledge. Moreover, with the decline in physical functioning, particularly muscle strength and joint flexibility mostly involves motor tasks and balance; such as walking a nd running results in more dependence on cognitive resources at an older age due to the decline in eyesight and auditory range (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010). These physical and cognitive challenges faced by older individuals can become issues; potentially leading to age stereotypes caused by expectations and assumptions in limited abilities of older adults (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). By understanding how aging and age stereotypes take place plays an important role for individuals in realising the anxiety and uncertainty that can further affect cognitive capacity, assuming of own abilities for example intellectual and reasoning abilities (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010), and regulation of positive and negative feedback given (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). The cognitive aspect of a person can be affected positively and negatively in one’s mind set for example towards a challenging motor task which tests an older person’s ability (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). This further challenges the balance performance of an older person who might require more cognitive resources later in life (Schaefer, Schumacher, 2010). Hence, the importance of understanding aging, age stereotypes, cognitive and physical functions in influencing balance performance can help develop a more positive aspect in maintaining healthy physical functioning. To better perform the interventions required for physical functioning of older folks, it is necessary to understand the reason behind age stereotypes which can have a negative impact on older folks. One probable reason that can lead to a rise in age stereotypes is by labelling and categorising people into old age groups. As a result, it usually occurs where less favourable attitudes are placed on older adults, viewing them as less productive members of society (Phillips, 2014). This in turn makes individuals come to a conclusion that these deep rooted thoughts and beliefs, mind-set and perceptual behaviour actually support age stereotyping (Blaine, 2013). Furthermore reinforcing and heightening their levels of fear and dependency on others throughout their aging process (Clark, Hayes, Jones, Lievesley, 2009). These thoughts and fears are further embedded in their mind, altering their mind set thus creates a self-conscious state (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012), which results i n self-stereotyping (Levy, 2003), and affecting balance performance which reduces the ability to perform (Wulf, Chiviacowsky Lewthwaite, 2012). An example of old age stereotype expressed with the use of cartoons characters in portraying older individuals such as Abe Simpson who is the father of Homer Simpson in â€Å"The Simpsons† cartoon. He was portrayed as a senile and dependent person who appears to be quite difficult to handle at times, also seen as being a burden to his son. This portrayed older adults in a negative stereotypical manner with limited abilities to be independent which is not the case for everyone (Blaine, 2013). However, switching to a different perspective of age stereotyping happening in a workplace environment in the context of Singapore, it proved that there were certain generational differences in the negative stereotypes towards older employees. For example, employees at a younger age felt they had more efficiency towards the aspect of multitasking and creativity compared to older employees whom felt that they have stronger work ethics but think that younger employees have stronger demand to wards recognition (Blauth, McDaniel, Perrin, Perrin, 2011). These generational differences were similar in the aspect of comparing the cognitive functioning which is related to balance performance of both groups of people. With better understanding of the cause and reasons for age stereotypes guides older individuals foster a better relationship with their cognitive and body functioning. As much as ageism being a concern, with the constant stereotypical opinions and perception on older people, emotional reactions of these elderly folks are affected in both positive and negative ways (Blaine, 2013). Positive influences and implications can be through social means by interacting with family members, friends and various people from all walks of life. Not only does social interaction help regulate the emotional reactions of older folks; it also encourages individuals in integrating with society through social means (Charles Carstensen, 2010). Social networks and interactions also have an effect on cognitive functioning where it is a motivational factor behind a better quality of life and the ability in maintaining independence despite increase in age; Furthermore, resulting one to developing more self- efficacy in leading a better functional health. This is due to the body reacting in a positive manner where social interaction has a direct relationship with neuroendocri ne and cardiovascular reactivity. Thus, with positive and supportive interactive reactions in the body help to reduce the physiological reactivity that has been linked to endocrine and cardiovascular activity resulting in cognitive decline (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert Berkman, 2001). In the event of cognitive functioning of an older adult decreasing, there are higher chances of cognitive disorders or impairments such as signs of vascular dementia or Alzheimer to appear (Price, Corwin, Friedman, Laditka, Colabianchi Montgomery, 2011). Hence in order to maintain or increase cognitive functioning, having strong social networks and support in maintaining connectedness can improve one’s mental and physical health, resulting in prevention of cognitive decline. Voluntary activities are one of the social network and integrating activities that encourages bonding sessions with different individuals, demands social and mental skills (Charles Carstensen, 2010) provides a sense of purpose and prevents isolation for those who face difficulties at any point in their life (Grimm, Spring Dietz, 2007). The effect of social interaction has a potential and positive influence on cognitive functioning where both fluid intelligence and executive control involve extensive int rinsic cognitive components required during social interaction for example striking conversations with people during bonding sessions and activities. Social integrating activities such as volunteering can help one have a better sense of control over life and physical health by providing support to other older adults and gaining a sense of accomplishment. With the use of these cognitive components can further promote older individuals having better cognitive engagement and functioning (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert Berkman, 2001) which are linked to balance performance. Maintaining of balance may seem as a simple and indispensable part in many people, however it is a task that is physical and demands independence in the aspect of an elderly person (Onambele, 2006). Through the study done by Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Lewthwaite (2012) showed that balance is influenced by social cognitive, affect and assuming of own abilities etc. Thus older adult’s balance performance can be further strengthened by increasing their perceived abilities in performing and completing tasks. In addition, based on a study done by Levy Leifheit-Limson (2009) similar to Wulf, Chiviacowsky, Lewthwaite (2012) where instilling of positive age stereotypes on physical or balance performance help mould a certain level of expectation towards the stereotype led to one conforming to it. As a result this causes one to self- stereotype (Levy, 2003), which affect the performance of the individuals in performing better due to the positive influence. Likewise if it was a negative ster eotype, the outcomes are negative. Further implications on how stereotypes can affect balance and physical functioning are neatness of handwriting and speed of walking. This was seen in a study done by Levy (2003) where older adults exposed to negative stereotypes are likely to appear older and frail. The body conditions as observed through handwritings produced seemed to have a little towards illegible due to shaking and unstable movements of the hands which explains that balance performance is affected. In another experiment of exposure to positive stereotyping, the speed of an older adult showed connection between the former and the latter. By exposing them to positive views, makes them self- stereotype themselves towards a more positive and satisfying aspect. The idea of measuring the speed of walking is by how much time is needed for foot to be lifted off the ground and this is measured as swing time which indicated balance. Therefore, results show that older individuals who we re exposed to positive stereotypes had greater swing time in particular to having better balance in their physical movements and their cognitive functioning. In conclusion, age stereotypes, cognitive abilities and physical functions share significantly close relationships in maintaining balance performance for older adults. Positive and negative age stereotypes can give significant effects to an older adult which can be misled and neglected at times. This can cause further effects in time and worst if the stereotypes are negative. The use and help of social interaction and network can boost a person’s physiological reactivity making one have a sense of accomplishment which promotes social integration. Most importantly it leads older individuals to keep their mind and body in working conditions which allow them practice and maintain independence. References Blaine, B. (2013). Understanding Age Stereotypes and Ageism. InUnderstanding the psychology of diversity(2nd ed., pp. 175-186). SAGE Publications. Blauth, C., McDaniel, J., Perrin, C., Perrin, P. (2011). Age-Based Stereotypes: Silent Killer of Collaboration and Productivity.  AchieveGlobal,1(2), 1-15. Charles, S., Carstensen, L., (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 61, 383-409. Clark, A., Hayes, R., Jones, K. Lievesley, N., (2009). Ageism and age discrimination in social care in the United Kingdom. Centre for Policy on Aging. Grimm, R., Spring, K., Dietz, N. (2007). Volunteering, Life Satisfaction, and Mental Health. In  The health benefits of volunteering: A review of recent research.Corporation for National Community Service, Office of Research and Policy Development. Levy, B. (2003). Mind Matters: Cognitive and Physical Effects of Aging Self-Stereotypes.  The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,58(4), P203-P211. Levy, B., Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes.  Psychology and Aging,24(1), 230-233. Onambele, G. (2006). Calf muscle-tendon properties and postural balance in old age.  Journal of Applied Physiology,100(6), 2048-2056. Phillips, L. (2014). Efforts to Promote Physical Activity Must Battle Ageist Stereotypes. Research in Gerontological Nursing,7(1), 4-5. Price, A., Corwin, S., Friedman, D., Laditka, S., Colabianchi, N., Montgomery, K. (2011). Older Adults Perceptions of Physical Activity and Cognitive Health: Implications for Health Communication. Health Education Behavior, 38 (1), 15-24. Schaefer, S., Schumacher, V. (2010). The Interplay between Cognitive and Motor Functioning in Healthy Older Adults: Findings from Dual-Task Studies and Suggestions for Intervention.  Gerontology,57, 239-246. Seeman, T., Lusignolo, T., Albert, M., Berkman, L. (2001). Social relationships, social support, and patterns of cognitive aging in healthy, high-functioning older adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging.  Health Psychology,20 (4), 243-255. Wulf, G., Chiviacowsky, S., Lewthwaite, R. (2012). Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27, 14-21. DOI: 10.1037/a0025718