Jails and Prisons Essay Example for Free

Jails and Prisons Essay The four types of prisons are women’s, maximum, medium, and low security. Women’s prisons in our country are very different in some aspects as the male’s prisons. Women have greater needs than men do. They have to adjust to their needs, whether it is pregnancy, or the emotional needs of the woman. Maximum Security prison is a massive building with large inmate population. They offer tight security, high fences, thick walls, and secure cells. They are very closely monitored concerning every moment they are incarcerated there. (Schmalleger, 2011)Medium security prisons are permitted more freedom generally than the maximum security prisoners. They receive more privileges such as they can go to the prison yard, exercise room, and the library. They still strict security but they have more freedom. (Schmalleger, 2011) Minimum security prisons offer a number of programs for the prisoners. They offer services to help rehabilitate the prisoners. The primary force behind the minimum security is the prisoners’ own restraint. They are there because of their behavior and they have the choice to stay there and do well or get transferred to another level based on their behavior. (Schmalleger, 2011) These types of prisons are also classified as federal, state, women, and private prison’s. Even though every one of these institutions is different they are all there for the same reason. Prisons are made to house the most violent to the first time offenders. The concept of the institutions is to provide safety to the communities from these offenders. To keep control and keep them housed in a facility to spend out their sentence. (Schmalleger, 2011) Jail plays a very important role in our criminal justice system. Before an inmate gets sentenced to prison, they are often watched in jail to see how they react with others. Based on how they act in jail usually decides what kind of prisoner they will become. Jail is also used in our system for those spending less than a year in jail, to keep down overcrowding of prisons. They house individuals pending arraignment, readmit probation or parole, temporarily houses juveniles, the mentally ill, and bail bond violators. They also hold individuals for the military, they transfer inmates to their designated facility, and they also operate community-based programs. In conclusion all of the prisons and jails in our country work together like a fine oiled machine. They work together to ensure that an inmate gets from one place to another. They also work together to ensure the inmate remains safe and that the public is safe from the offenders.

The 2008 Beijing Olympics: China Pushes Towards Modernization Essays

The 2008 Beijing Olympics: China Pushes Towards Modernization The Olympics are always used as a way for the host city to put on a display of its culture and show the world its myriad social and economical triumphs. The host country can, in just a couple weeks, show the world what a wonderful place it is. The Olympics have in the past been able to prompt a world awareness of the host country and create a lingering legacy. Beijing will attempt to do all these things, but the stakes will be much higher. China is the most populous country in the world and at the center of many global issues. With its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China made a big step in accepting the challenge from other world powers to open up its markets, address human rights, and transform itself from a developing country to a modern world power. With its official Olympic Action Plan, Beijing has made it its mission to directly address these issues with its emphasis on the concepts of â€Å"Green Olympics, High-tech Olympics, and Peopleâ€℠¢s Olympics.† Indeed, Beijing is maneuvering itself into position to use its fifteen minutes at the center of the world stage to put on quite a show. At the same time, Beijing can use the opportunity of putting on the Games to better its economic position in the world. China’s economic growth has been strong due to foreign investment in Chinese manufacturing. The trend will continue. Foreign investment for the Games will stimulate growth while Chinese manufacturers will be able to exploit the new export market for Olympic goods. At the same time, China hopes to boost its position in making its own high tech developments to go along with its already strong manufacturing sector. While change in C... ...ent Strategy: Issues and Prospects. Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, 2001. Phillips, Richard. â€Å"Big Business Demands a Corporate Olympics.† 16 March 1999. World Socialist Web Site. 1 June 2003 . Studwell, Joe. The China Dream: The Elusive Quest for the Greatest Untapped Market on Earth. London: Profile Books , 2002. Tseng, Wanda, and Markus Rodlauer, eds. China: Competing in the Global Economy. Washington D.C. : Interational Monetary Fund, 2003. US Commerical Service. â€Å"Beijing 2008 Olympics.† 2003. 1 June 2003 . â€Å"US textile quota plan critized.† Xinhua Economic News Service [Beijing] 25 April 2003. Webber, Michael, Mark Wang, and Zhu Ying, eds. China’s Transition to a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Cardiorespiratory Focus On Hypertension Health And Social Care Essay

The scenario concerns the survey of blood force per unit area scientific discipline and ordinance in the content of high blood pressure. Following, each aim is stated and so analyzed. A 31 twelvemonth old adult male goes to his GP because he has started to hold terrible concerns that come on all of a sudden at assorted times during the twenty-four hours. He is a fiscal analyst who works in a bank in Canary Warf. Many of his co-workers have been made redundant but he has kept his occupation, although his line director has made it clear that he may lose it in the following few months if the state of affairs does non better. He says he works at least 15 hours a twenty-four hours and his matrimony is enduring because of this. He is seeking to give up smoke ( 1-2 battalions per twenty-four hours ) but the emphasis of work has made this hard. He goes with friends out to a wine saloon on a regular basis and admits to imbibing to a great extent one time or twice a hebdomad. Further oppugning reveals that his male parent died aged 61 from a shot. On scrutiny he is found to hold a BMI of 34 and a blood force per unit area of 190/125 mmHg. Retinal scrutiny shows some abnorma lcies ( â€Å" silvering † ) in the blood vass. After look intoing the blood force per unit area reading on two farther occasions the GP suggests that his jobs are related to conceal blood force per unit area and refers him to the local high blood pressure clinic. After undergoing farther trials at the clinic he is started on drug therapy and given lifestyle advice. What is blood force per unit area and how is it regulated? Oxford medical dictionary defines blood force per unit area as â€Å" the force per unit area of blood exerted on the walls of blood vass † ( 1 ) . The maximal blood force per unit area exerted during systole when blood enters the aorta is called â€Å" systolic † whereas the minimal force per unit area exerted when aortal valves near during diastole is called â€Å" diastolic † . Figure 1 shows the alterations in force per unit area in aorta during cardiac rhythm bespeaking the systolic and diastolic force per unit areas. Fig. 1 – Systolic and diastolic force per unit areas ( 2 ) Blood force per unit area in the organic structure must be maintained in the normal degrees non merely to keep perfusion of blood to all the organic structure but besides to forestall unwanted complications due to high blood force per unit area. Therefore, the blood force per unit area should stay inside a scope of values. However, blood force per unit area frequently changes. During physical exercising higher force per unit area facilitates greater perfusion in the musculuss providing them with more O. Blood force per unit area depends on two chief parametric quantities: Cardiac end product ( C.O ) : Cardiac end product which is the sum of blood pumped from the bosom per minute depends on the shot volume and the bosom rate. Entire peripheral opposition ( T.P.R ) : It is the entire opposition exerted by the peripheral vasculature. This chiefly depends on the radius of the vass – narrower vass exert greater opposition. The above are linked with the undermentioned equation: M.A.P = C.O x T.P.R From the above relationship it is obvious that by altering the values of C.O or T.P.R the blood force per unit area ( average arterial force per unit area ) can alter every bit good. Based on this, three chief mechanisms are used to modulate blood force per unit area when it lies outside the normal scope: Neuronal system – Baroreceptors This is chiefly used for short term ordinance of blood force per unit area. Baroreceptors are detectors found in the internal carotid arteria ( carotid fistula ) and on the aorta ( aortal fistula ) ( 3 ) . These are detectors that can observe differences in stretch in these arterias bespeaking differences in blood force per unit area. These detectors are innervated by the Vagus ( X ) and glossopharyngeal ( IX ) nervousnesss which travel up to cardioinhibitory and vasomotor centre in the myelin of the encephalon. Increase in blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) increases the fire of baroreceptors to the vasomotor centre. This causes a lessening in the sympathetic nervous outflow doing relaxation of the arteriolas, therefore diminishing T.P.R. In add-on, the cardioinhibitory Centre increases the parasympathetic activity decelerating down the bosom rate, therefore cut downing C.O ( 4 ) . Consequently the M.A.P is decreased. The contrary applies when blood force per unit are a is low ( hypotension ) . Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the baroreceptor physiological reaction. Fig. 2 – Baroreceptor physiological reaction ( 5 ) Hormonal system – RAAS system This system is for longer term ordinance of blood force per unit area every bit good as blood volume. Figure 3 presents the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System.AldosteroneSecretionAngiotensinogenAngiotensin IIAngiotensin IFig. 3 – RAAS ( 6 ) In the kidneys Low Na concentration in the distal tubing, which indicates low blood force per unit area, is detected by sunspot densa cells. Furthermore, autumn in nephritic perfusion is detected by the juxtaglomerular setup. A bead in either of these two causes the release of renin from the kidney. In the pneumonic circulation renin is used to change over angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is so split into Angiotensin II which is a vasoconstrictive. It besides acts on the adrenal secretory organs to let go of aldosterone. Aldosterone is a endocrine that increases the synthesis of Na+/K+-ATPase, therefore increasing Na and H2O resorption. On the whole, this mechanism increases both the volume of the blood and T.P.R to overall increase the force per unit area ( 7 ) . Atrial Natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) This is once more a hormonal manner of blood ordinance. Specialized atrial myocytes can feel increased stretching of the atrial walls of the bosom due to increased blood volumes. These let go of the ANP endocrine which decreases the release of chymosin in the blood ensuing in a lessening in the activity of RAAS. In add-on, it causes increased force per unit area in the capsule of the kidney by coincident relaxation of the afferent arteriola and bottleneck of the motorial arteriola so as to increase glomerular filtration rate. Define and sort high blood pressure. How is high blood pressure measured? WHO on its ain definition of high blood pressure states the followers: â€Å" Blood force per unit area, like tallness and weight, is a uninterrupted biological variable with no cut-off point dividing normotension from high blood pressure. The uninterrupted relationship between the degree of blood force per unit area and cardiovascular hazard makes any numerical definition and categorization of high blood pressure slightly arbitrary. Therefore, a definition of high blood pressure is normally taken as that degree of arterial blood force per unit area associated with doubling of long-run cardiovascular hazard † ( 8 ) High blood pressure can be classified in different ways harmonizing to the standards of categorization. Depending on the cause high blood pressure is classified in ( 9 ) : Essential – Primary high blood pressure: the cause in unknown. Secondary high blood pressure: there is an underlying obvious cause. Depending on the existent blood force per unit area degrees, British Hypertension Society guidelines sort Hypertension as presented on the tabular array below ( Fig.4 ) : Fig. 4 – British Hypertension Society categorization of blood force per unit area degrees ( 10 ) Sphygmometer is used to mensurate blood force per unit area of the brachial arteria. However, a individual elevated reading on scrutiny does non bespeak high blood pressure. This might be due to anxiousness and addition of sympathetic activity. This state of affairs is called the â€Å" white coat syndrome † . As a consequence, blood force per unit area must be measured more than one time every bit good as measured at place when the patient is relaxed. What are the physiological causes of high blood pressure? To get down with, it is indispensable to understand the scientific discipline behind the haemodynamics in order to be able to understand the physiological causes of high blood pressure: Independently of the cause, high blood pressure develops as a effect of one of the followers: High Intravascular volume: This means that there is a high volume of blood in the circulation that increases the venous return in the bosom. Consequently, this increases the preload and therefore the C.O taking to elevated blood force per unit area as described in the first aim. High intravascular volume may be due to increased H2O and salt keeping because of high angiotonin II and aldosterone concentrations, or nephritic tissue harm. Increased venous return: In this instance the intravascular volume is normal but there is increased venous tone which once more increases the venous return to the bosom. Abnormal arterial wall: This implies either reduced radius of arterial lms or decreased conformity. The first is true in increased sympathetic activity and atheromatous plaques formation. The latter is true in reduced snap and collagen replacing due to increased age or harm due to substances such as smoke. Merely 5-10 % of instances have an underlying obvious cause of high blood pressure. As mentioned earlier high blood pressure is categorized based on cause as follows: Essential In indispensable high blood pressure there is no obvious cause for high blood force per unit area. There is a assortment of hazard factors taking to this type of high blood pressure that will be explained subsequently. Different researches over the old ages have concluded to some theories that might explicate indispensable high blood pressure. These are ( 11 ) : High sympathetic tone: Increased sympathetic tone even when the individual is relaxed causes vasoconstriction of the arteriolas and finally hypertrophy of the smooth musculus in the vass. High salt in diet: High salt in diet has been related to keeping of H2O, increased blood volume and therefore high blood pressure Stress: As in our instance, emphasis increases the activity of sympathetic system. Stress for long periods causes hypertrophy of smooth musculus in arteriolas and contracting of their lms so that high blood pressure remains even in stress free periods. A combination of the above may be. Secondary Secondary high blood pressure may hold several causes as explained below: Nephritic disease: On one manus secondary high blood pressure may be due to stricture of a nephritic arteria. This triggers the RAAS system and increases blood force per unit area. On the other manus there may be devastation of the nephritic tissue taking to inability of kidneys to egest necessary sum of H2O or salt taking once more to high blood pressure. Endocrinological tumors: Tumours of secretory organs that secrete endocrines such as aldosterone. Hyperaldosteroinism ( Conn ‘s syndrome ) can take to hyper-secretion of aldosterone doing greater resorption of H2O and Na than normal ( 12 ) . Congenital aortal deformity: This is constriction of aorta which is fundamentally the narrowing of aorta, ensuing in reduced nephritic perfusion and activation of the RAAS system Combined Oral preventive pills: This is a type of drug induced high blood pressure. In this instance oestrogen administrated as a portion of the preventive pill acts as a vasoconstrictive and besides increases angiotensinogen ( 4 ) . Eclampsia – Pregnancy: Although the grounds behind this are non wholly clear, pre-eclampsia may be due to placental disfunction every bit good as immune response of the female parent against the placental tissue conveying about high blood pressure ( 13 ) . Hazard factors There are a figure of hazard factors responsible for developing high blood pressure which have been supported by a assortment of surveies. A survey published on 2006 based on informations collected on a population of American Indians indicates some of the undermentioned as hazard factors for high blood pressure ( 14 ) . These can be extrapolated for the general population. Hazard factors are non merely familial but besides environmental factors. Most of the below are true in our PBL scenario: African lineage Sexual activity gender – males: A research published late on Hypertension diary provinces that mistake signals in commanding of the sympathetic system exist between the two genders giving differences in the controlling of blood force per unit area ( 15 ) . Increasing age Low societal category High salt consumption, high fat diet Stress Fleshiness Chronic conditions such as diabetes, nephritic diseases, sleep apnoea. High intoxicants intake Smoking No exercising What are the symptoms and what are possible complications of high blood pressure? High blood pressure is known as the â€Å" soundless slayer † as most of the times is symptomless until it develops sudden complications such as shots or bosom onslaughts that can take to decease ( 16 ) . Often, the high blood pressure is non detected until a random look into up modus operandi is taken. However some people may see the followers: Dizziness Blurred vision ( due to damage of the retina of the oculus ) Concern Long-standing high blood pressure will finally do coronary artery disease with all the possible effects of the disease. Furthermore, it causes reconstructing – hypertrophy of the bosom taking to more dangerous state of affairss. Serious complications of high blood pressure are: Nephritic decease ( 17 ) : It can take to weakened or narrowed blood vass in kidney impairing its map. Stroke: Vessels of the encephalon may split or non good perfused taking to stroke. Heart onslaught: The bosom has to work harder to pump blood against greater force per unit area. This may develop bosom failure and inability of the bosom to pump blood to cover organic structure ‘s demands. Aneurysms: May do pouching in arterias taking to tearing them Vision loss: Due to damage of the little fragile vass of the oculus. What are the intervention and lifestyle alterations for the patient? A combination of drug intervention and lifestyle alterations is necessary for bar of the complications listed above ( 18 ) . The following table lists interventions and the mechanism they work. Drug Category Drug name Mechanism ACE inhibitors Enalapril They block the transition of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I and therefore barricade the RAAS. Diuretic drugs Thiazides They increase the sum of H2O and salts excreted in the piss so that they decrease blood volume. I ±-blockers Doxazosin They work by barricading I ±1-adrenoreceptors on the walls of blood vass so that they cause vasodilatation. I?-blockers Atenolol They block I?1- adrenoreceptors on the bosom diminishing bosom rate and shot strength, therefore diminishing cardiac end product and finally force per unit area. CaC blockers Nifedipine They block the Ca channels forestalling Ca come ining the cell. As a consequence they prevent vasoconstriction. In add-on to the drug therapy the patient has to watch his diet by cut downing the Na and fat consumption. Exercise should go portion of his life and surcease of smoke and restricting intoxicant ingestion are necessary. Patient has to restrict his emphasis every bit much as possible and regular monitoring of blood force per unit area can be life salvaging.

Mobile Computing Technology - 1025 Words

Monitoring Patient Vital Signs Monitoring patients with vital signs using mobile computing technology had substantial growth for physicians. They are able to access information, resources and people at the right time and place. What is so essential about mobile computing is the feature of the healthcare delivery. Faster communication between the patients, wards, clinics, laboratories, operating theaters and offices are very important. Physicians are able to complete these tasks with their patients at a faster rate. This means the patient(s) are able to get the treatment they need faster and the physicians are to take care more individuals than before. The mobile computing technology is an emerging technology, which consist of wireless sensor networks. The wireless sensor is the smallest unit of a network and some of the features supports large scale deployment, mobility, reliability and other applications. According to (Hoon-Jae, 2011), the main goals of WSNs are to deploy a nu mber sensor devices over an unattended area and transmit to certain locations. Compare and Contrast Monitoring According to (VANCOUVER, 2012), â€Å"Pairing medical diagnostics with mobile phones will greatly advance the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of critical diseases in developing countries, Ansermino said (para.4). The main focus on comparing and contrasting monitoring mobile phones for vital signs is the quickness in the whole operation. Users can simply download the app from theirShow MoreRelatedMobile Cloud Computing And Technology3293 Words   |  14 Pagesadvances in technology occur, mobile cloud computing is able to overcome the issue of resource poverty that occurs in mobile devices. Manufacturers now look at cloud computing as an asset because they can run their products better. The number of businesses and individuals that are investing in cloud computing services is anticipated to grow rapidly. 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Locating The Xhoi Recognition Site On Lambda Dna Using

Locating the XhoI Recognition Site on Lambda DNA Using a HindIII and XhoI double digest Haleigh Wood Abstract Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain sites to create multiple DNA fragments. Restriction enzyme HindIII has known DNA fragment lengths and recognition sites when digesting lambda DNA, while the lambda DNA recognition site for restriction enzyme XhoI is unknown. The goal of this study is to determine the lambda recognition site of XhoI by comparing a HindIII digest and a HindIII and XhoI double digest on an electrophoresis gel. The HindIII digest had a band at 9.4 kb, but this band was not visible in the double digest, therefore we concluded the recognition site for XhoI was around 9.4kb. There were also two additional DNA†¦show more content†¦XhoI is a type I restriction enzyme, so the location of the recognition site on lambda DNA is unknown but it is known that it cleaves at CTCGAG sites (XhoI (10u/ul)). While the DNA fragment lengths and cleavage sites are known for HindIII lambda DNA digest, they are not known for a XhoI lambda DNA digest. The goal of this study is to determine the recognition site of XhoI on lambda DNA by comparing the DNA fragments from a HindIII digest to the DNA fragments of a HindIII and XhoI digest. We will do this by creating a mixture of solutions containing only DNA, DNA and HindIII, DNA and XhoI, and DNA, HindIII and XhoI. We will then run a gel electrophoresis, which will separate the DNA, fragments by size and we will compare the DNA fragments from each solution. Through comparing the DNA fragments from the HindIII digest and the HindIII and XhoI double digest, we will be able to determine the XhoI recognition site on the lambda DNA. Methods Preparation of restriction digest solutions: To begin the process to determine the XhoI recognition site in the lamda DNA fragment we first prepared 4 tubes of solutions containing 10X Optizyme reaction buffer, sterile water, lambda DNA (0.3 ug/ul), XhoI (10u/ul, 3000u), and HindIII (10u/ul, 7500ul). Tube 1 contained 2ul 10X Optizyme, 16ul sterile water, and 2ul lambda DNA. Tube 2 contained 2ul 10X Optizyme, 14ul sterile water, 2ul lambda DNA, and 2ul XhoI. Tube 3 contained 2ul 10X Optizyme, 14ul sterile water, 2ul

Arguments For Favor Of Marriage - 969 Words

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Colorectal Cancer for Inflammatory Bowel Disease - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theColorectal Cancer for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Answer: Colon and rectum tumors are mostly common; the colorectal area is now the third most common site of cancer cases and deaths globally (Bailey and You, 2014). Cancer of the colon and rectum develops from the epithelial lining of the intestine. It usually begins as a benign polyp which later becomes a malignant which penetrates and destroys the normal tissues. The frequency of occurrence is highest for individuals older than 85 years of age and is higher for individuals who have had a history of colon cancer in the family. The specific cause of colorectal cancer is still not known but the risk factors have been identified. The risk factors include breast cancer in women, high fat and beef intake, and medical record of inflammatory bowel disease and lastly family history of colon cancer (Ponteri-lewis, 2013). If this disease is detected early and treated, it could save three people out of four with colon cancer. This essay is going to talk about the drugs administered to Nelly their mech anism of action and lastly the technologies used to detect colorectal cancer. Drugs administered Colorectal cancer therapy depends on the stage of the disease and it usually done by removal of the tumor through surgery, adjuvant therapy and supportive therapy. Nellie had a stage IVA cancer and she was referred to a colonoscopy and it was discovered that nelly had polyps in the colon which were surgically removed. She later came for adjuvant therapy which included 5-Fluorouracil, Irinotecan and lastly Oxaliplatin. This kind of therapy was used to reduce the chances of the cancer coming back after surgery. Pain medication was initiated after targeted radiotherapy failed to shrink the tumor, the severe back pain was as a result of cancer that had spread to the spinal cord and was compressing the spinal cord. Pain medication included paracetamol and morphine. Spinal tumor increased each day which caused more pain and the dose of morphine was difficult to titrate due to severe side effects it caused. End of life pathway drugs were commenced which included levomepromazine and sublingu al clonazepam. Mechanism of action 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite which exerts its action on cells undergoing cycling. It kills tumor cells which are in the cycling and resting phase of the cell cycle. In the cell fluorouracil is changed to 5- fluoro-2-deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate (5-FdUMP), which causes the suppression of thymidylate synthase which later leads to the death of thymineless of cells. DNA synthesis is inhibited by the penetration of FdUMP. RNA synthesis and function is inhibited by 5-fluorouradine-5-triphosphate (FUTP) which is a fluorouracil metabolite. In the tumor cell the mechanism of resistance include an increased thymidylate synthase activity, a reduced activation of 5-FU, and lastly a decreased drug sensitivity of this enzyme. As a result the cell is unable to divide and dies. Irinotecan is a plant derived cell cycle specific (CCS) drugs which is found in the camptothecins group. It is converted to an active form SN-38 which requires carboxyl esterase (Huangg, Wuerzberger-Davis and Seufzer, 2012). it inhibits topoisomerase 1 activity hence causing damage to the DNA. The DNA is damaged by an inhibiting enzyme that cuts and the single DNA strands during the normal DNA repair process (Maureen, Beidler and cheng, 2013). Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that contains 1, 2- diaminocyclohexane ligand. Like the other platinum based compounds it exerts its effect by damaging the DNA and also by inhibition of RNA synthesis. It induces three types of links which include DNA intra-strand link, DNA inter-strand crosslinks and DNA-protein crosslinks. Intra-strand links act by the induction of DNA lesions while the inter-strand link are said to bring about the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. The DNA protein crosslink causes arrest of DNA synthesis and inhibition of messenger RNA synthesis hence cell death. Paracetamol also known as acetaminophen is a weak inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 are inhibitors of prostaglandin (Boataud, Aronoff and Richardson, 2015). Prostaglandin is inhibited if there is a low level of arachidonic acid. Cox-2 is the main isoenzyme when the arachidonic acid is at low concentration (Aronoff, Boutard and Marnett, 2013). And for this reason paracetamol selectively prevents prostaglandin synthesis involving Cox-2 this is due to the lower flux in the pathway that produces decreased level of hydroperoxide. Opioids acts on the receptors found in neuronal cell membrane to produce effect. The major three types of receptors include kappa, delta, and mu. Morphine has been found to have a high affinity for m receptors. G-protein which is a guanine nucleotide protein is coupled to opioid receptors. The opioid has two sites where it acts upon, the postsynaptic neuron and the presynaptic nerve terminal. In the presynaptic nerve terminal the action of morphine is to prevent neurotransmitter release by reducing calcium entry and increasing potassium current. Morphine also acts on the pain pathways, opioid receptors are present in pain transmission regions of the nervous system. It acts by inhibition of neurotransmitter release from the primary afferent terminals found in the spinal cord and also the activation of the midbrain control that is the descending inhibitors. Levomepromazine is a neuroleptic agent. It has anti-histamine, anti-emetic and analgesic effect. It precise mechanism of action is not yet known. Clonazepam is a benzodiazepam. It is a strong anticonvulsant. Its main type of action is to make it easier for GABAergic transmission in the brain. This GABA receptors are located in dorsal raphe neurons which acts by inhibiting raphe cell lining. 5-HT synthesis is not inhibited by clonazepam but it reduces the utilization of 5-HT in the brain. Technologies used to detect colorectal cancer Colonoscopy is a procedure in which one views the large intestine using a device known as a colonoscope (Zapka, Klabunde and Typlin, 2014). It is a thin flexible tube with a camera and a source of light. This device is inserted in the anus region and through the colon. This device captures images and videos for the doctor to see. If there is an abnormal growth the doctor will be able to see. It is also used to remove little amount of tissue for biopsy. DNA testing has been used to identify individual at risk of colorectal cancer. Through DNA testing doctors have been able to prevent the disease at an early stage. Clients identified at risk are genetically cancelled on the disease, so as to understand prevention and treatment measures (Leissic, 2012). Stool test has been used to check for the presence of blood. It is the most common method used for early cancer detection (Burch, Soares-Weiser and John, 2013). The basic examination of the stool includes checking for color and testing for occult blood. It also checks for the ion containing portion of the hemoglobin known as the heme which is changed during the movement in the intestines (Ouyang, Chen and Getzenberg, 2018). Lower gastrointestinal tract procedure has been used to detect the presence polyps and tumors in the colon. Barium enema is inserted in the rectum so as to visualize the presence polyps. This radioscope substance is inserted during fluoroscopy. Other visualizing colon studies include double contrast studies. In double contrast, it involves the insertion of thick barium solution followed by pumping of air. This process distinguishes barium coated mucosa and air filled lumen hence allowing easier detection of little lesions. Sigmoidoscopy, anoscopy and protoscopy are used to view the lower portion of the colon to check for rectal bleeding, tumor, polyps or other pathological processes. The anoscope is used to view the anus and the lower rectum. The sigmoidscopes and protoscopes are rigid scopes used to view the rectum and sigmoid (Elmunzer, Harvard and Schoenfeld, 2015). The flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope allows the colon to be viewed up to 40-50cm from the anus. During the procedure biopsy can be performed using a small biting forceps introduced through the endoscope. If the rectal polyps are viewed that can be removed with a wire snare used to grasp the pedicle. Magnetic resonance imaging is used in the checking of polyps in the colon (Forsberg, 2012). This is a non-invasive technique that uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce an image of the area being studied. Oral contrasts agents are used to enhance images. The client lie in the machine having not eaten or drunk anything for the last 6-8 hours. The entire procedure takes up to thirty to ninety minutes. Scintigraphy is a radionuclide testing which uses the radioactive isotopes such as the indium and iodine. This agents are used to reveal or visualize changes in atomic structures, organ size and the presence of neoplasm or any other focal lesion. Abdominal ultrasonography is another method used to check polyps in the colon. This is done by production of high frequency sound waves in the internal body organs. This echoes are recorded on an olliscope as they pass through the tissues. This method is used to check the size of and the configuration of abdominal structures. Advantages of this method is that it needs no ionizing radiation hence they will be no side effects and it also not expensive. The only disadvantage that it has is that it cannot view structures behind a bone since the bone prevents ultrasonic echoes from passing to the deeper structures. References Aronoff, D., Boutard, O. and Marnett, J. (2013). Inhibition of prostaglandin H2 synthases by salicylate is dependent on the oxidative state of the enzymes.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 304, pp.589-594. Bailey, E. and You, N. (2014). Increasing disparities in the age related incidence of colon and rectal cancer in the United States. 150(1), pp.17-22. Boataud, O., Aronoff, D. and Richardson, J. (2015). Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H2 synthases.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, pp.730-735. Burch, T., Soares-Weiser, K. and John, D. (2013). 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